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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Organization:
Motor decisions and motivations arise from which areas? What area do these regions influence? |
Association and limbic Areas
They influence the premotor cortical areas. |
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What area is responsible for planning and organizing movement?
What area do these regions influence? |
The premotor cortical areas.
The premotor area influences primary motor cortex |
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What are the two divisions of the premotor cortical area?
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The Lateral Premotor Area (LPA)
The Supplementary Motor Area |
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Primary motor Cortex (MI) (and premotor area) project to:
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The Brainstem and Spinal Cord
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What dos the brainstem control?
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Postural and cranial reflexes and projects to the spinal cord
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What does the spinal cord control?
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Limb and Trunk reflexes
Simple motor patterns. |
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Output through the basal ganglia influences premotor areas through the:
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VA and VL nucleus of the thalamus
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Output from the cerebellum influences premotor and primary motor areas through the:
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VL nucleus of the thalamus
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Where Direct pathways from the premotor and primary motor areas synapse in the spinal cord?
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Lamina IX
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Medial descending pathways innervate the motor neurons of:
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Proximal and Axial muscles
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Lateral descending pathways innervate the motor neurons of:
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Limbs and Distal muscles
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Primary motor Cortex (MI) has a somatotopic representation of the:
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OPPOSITE side of the body.
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The three areas comprising the frontal agranular cortex concerned with controlling motor activity are:
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1. Primary motor Cortex (MI)
2. Supplementary motor area (SMA or MII) 3. Lateral Premotor Area (LPA) |
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How is MI organized?
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the motor cortex is columnar and is organized according to movement components not muscle groups
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What are the output cells of cortical columns and colonies of neurons in MI?
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large or giant pyramidal cells in layer V (Upper Motor Neurons)
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What is the function of MI?
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Primary Motor Cortex - executes voluntary movements
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What the inputs of MI?
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tactile and proprioceptive information from:
-somatosensory cortices -somatosensory association areas |
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What are the outputs of MI?
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1. LMNs at the brainstem and spinal cord
2. Red nucleus and reticular formation |
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What would be the result of a lesion to the MI?
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Contralateral paralysis of the UMN type (Spasticity)
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What is the function of the LPA?
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LPA plans, programs, and initiates voluntary movements triggered by and guided by external cues or stimuli
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What are the inputs of the LPA?
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1. Somatosensory and visual areas
2. Prefrontal cortex 3. Cerebellum by a relay with the VLp |
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What are the outputs of the LPA?
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1. Primary Motor Cortex
2. Brainstem Reticular Formation 3. Spinal Cord |
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What would be the result of a lesion to the LPA?
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Impairment in performing tasks in response to sensory cues.
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What is the organization of the SMA?
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A crude somatotopic organization: a homunculus lying on its back
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What is the function of the SMA?
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Plans, programs, and initiates voluntary movements
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What are the inputs to the SMA?
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1. Basal Ganglia (via VA and VLa)
2. Somatosensory cortex and areas associated with drives and volition |
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What are the outputs of the SMA?
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1. Primary motor Cortex
2. Spinal Cord |
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What would a lesion of the SMA cause?
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A general reduction of voluntary movements.
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What is the function of the Frontal Eye Field (FEF)?
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Stimulation of the FEF produces conjugate eye movements to the opposite side
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What are the inputs to the FEF?
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1. Visual areas in the parietal and occipital lobes
2. Substantia nigra |
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What are the outputs of the FEF?
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-Superior Colliculus
-Brainstem eye movement gaze centers RiMLF: vertical gaze PPRF: horizontal gaze |
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What do lesions of the FEF result in?
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Voluntary aversive eye movements are impaired.
Eyes are directed TOWARDS side of lesion. |
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Where does the rubrospinal tract originate?
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The red nucleus
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What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?
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Facilitate flexor muscle tone
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What is the function of the corticoreticular system?
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Trigger fixation or stabilization of proximal musculature before programming skilled voluntary movements
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What originates from lamina V of the “head” area of the motor cortex?
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Corticobulbar tract.
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What is the pathway of the Lateral Corticospinal Tract?
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Originates in motor and sensory areas -->
Fibers cross at the spinomedullary junction and descend in the lateral funiculus --> Terminate in Lam.IX neurons in the spina cord. Activate distal muscles |
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What is the pathway of the Anterior Spinal Tract?
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Arises in motor and sensory areas -->
Descends ipsilaterally in anterior funiculus to cervical levels of spinal cord --> Cross at segmental spinal levels Influences proximal and axial muscles. |
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What is the pathway of the Corticobulbar Tract?
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Arises from primary motor cortex -->
Terminates on bulbar motorneurons in CN nuclei of V, VII, and XII --> Cortical fibers to motorneurons innervating lower face musculature are crossed, while other corticobulbar fibers are bilateral |