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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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TCA cycle intermediates
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Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?
Citrate Isocitrate alpha-Ketoglutarate Succinyl-CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate |
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Regulated glycolytic enzymes
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Hexokinase (-G6P)
Glucokinase (+insulin) PFK1 (-citrate -ATP +AMP +F-2,6-BP) Pyruvate kinase (-Ala, -ATP, +F-1,6-BP) Pyruvate dehydrogenase (-ATP, -NADH, -Acetyl-CoA) |
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Regulated TCA cycle steps
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Citrate synthetase (-ATP)
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (+ADP, -ATP, -NADH) Alpha-KG dehydrogenase (-NADH, -ATP, -succinyl CoA) |
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
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HGPRT deficiency, can'd do purine salvage pathway, get uric aciduria. X-linked
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I cell disease
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Lack of mannose-6-phosphate transfer enzyme in golgi network means can't tag lysosomal enzymes for traffic to lysosome. Get secreted instead->coarse facies, early death
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Energy from TCA cycle per acetyl CoA
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3 NADH --> 9 ATP
1 FADH2 --> 2 ATP 1 GTP --> 1 ATP 12 ATP/cycle via oxidative phosphorylation |
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Galactosemia
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Mild: Galactokinase deficiency->galactitol->childhood cataracts
Severe: Gal-1P uridyl transferase deficiency-> very high galactitol->liver damage, galactosemia, galacturia, cataracts, mental retardation Tx both w/glucose & lactose free diet |
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Fructosuria
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Fructokinase deficiency: benign fructosuria
Fructose intolerance: Lack of aldolase B to convert F1P to DHAP and glyceraldehyde->vomiting w/fructose load, mental retardation, etc. |
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Cofactors for PDH and a-KGDH
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Vitamin B1->thiamine->TPP
Vitamin B2->riboflavin->FAD+ Vitamin B3->niacin->NAD+ Vitamin B5->pentothenate->CoA Lipoic acid |
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Cori cycle
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1) Anaerobic glycolysis in muscle to pyruvate
2)Pyruvate -> lactate to regenerate NAD+ 3) Lactate to liver via blood 4) Lacate converted back to pyruvate and then to glucose by gluconeogenesis (6 ATP) 5) Glucose sent back to muscle in blood |
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Energy yield of anaerobic glycolysis
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2 ATP
Reducing equivalents in NADH used to convert pyruvate to lactate via LDH to regenerate NAD+ to keep running glycolysis |
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Hexokinase vs glucokinase
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Hexokinase: all cells, inhib'd by G6P
Glucokinase: liver & islet cells, stim'd by insulin with lower Km but higher Vmax->glucose storage and |
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SAM
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S-adenosyl methionine
ATP+Met-->SAM->->Homocysteine Need B12 & folate to regenerate methionine from ATP Regeneration of methionine is how B12 converts dietary folate into form usable by purine synth and thymidylate synthase |
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GPCRs that signal via Gs
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Gs stims cAMP synth
B1->inotrope/chronotrope B2->SMC relaxation H2->stomach V2->aquaporin insertion in kidney D1 |
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GPCRs that signal via Gq
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Gq > PLC > DAG+IP3 > PKC & Ca2+
H1->allergy a1->vasoconstrict V1->vasoconstrict M1 M3 |
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GPCRs that signal via Gi
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Gi inhibs cAMP synth
M2 a2 D2 |
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Collagen types
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Type 1: classic (bone, skin)
Type 2: cartilage/joints, hyaline Type 3: Reticulin (skin etc), granulation tissue Type 4: basement membranes |
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Electron transport chain
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NADH > e- >
Complex I > H+ CoQ FADH2 > e- > Complex II >CoQ complex III > H+ Cyt C Complex IV > H+ + O2 H+ > ATP synthase > ATP |
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Oligomycin
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Inhibs ATP synthase > can't dissipate H+ gradient > ETC machinery gets backed up and stopped > ROS
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2,4-dinitrophenol
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Allows H+ to leak out of mitochondrial matrix > uncouples electron transport from ATP synthesis gradient
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Rotenone
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Inhibs e- transport > stops ETC > reduces proton gradient
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Cyanide
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Inhibs e- transport > stops ETC > reduces proton gradient
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Irreversible gluconeogenesis enzymes
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Pyruvate carboxylase (mitochondria
PEP carboxykinase Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase Glucose-6-phosphatase (liver only) |
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von Gierke's disease
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Type I glycogen storage disease:
Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency Liver can't export glucose: -Glycogen accum->hepatomegaly -Hypoglycemia -Lactic acidosis |
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Essential amino acids
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PVT TIM HALL
Phenylalanine Valine Tryptophan Threonine Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine |
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PVT TIM HALL
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Phenylalanine
Valine Tryptophan Threonine Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine |
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Purely ketogenic amino acids
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Leucine & lysine only. Both are also essential
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Purely glucogenic essential AA:
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V-MATH
Valine, methionine, arginine, threonine, histidine |
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Urea cycle
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Ordinarily, Careless Crappers Are Also Frivolous About Urination
Ornithine Carbamoyl phosphate Citruline Asparatate Arginosuccinate Fumarate Arginine Urea |
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Black urine
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Alkaptonuria: can't break down homogentisic acid, a metabolite of tyrosine
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Musty odor, pale skin, mental retardation
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Phenylketonuria: can't convert phenylalanine (musty and retarded) to tyrosine (pale)
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Cystinuria frequency
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1:7000
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Cystinuria defect
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COLA
Defect of AA transporter responsible for resorption of Cysteine, Ornithine, Lysine & Arginine from proximal tubule |
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Components of sucrose
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Fructose + glucose
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Components of lactose
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GaLactose + glucose
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Function of ApoA1
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Cofactor for LCAT
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Function of ApoB
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Binds LDLR
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Function of ApoCII
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Cofactor for lipoprotein lipase
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Function of ApoE
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Cofactor for lipoprotein binding to receptor for uptake
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Cherry red spot
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Tay-Sachs disease, deficiency of hexosaminidase, so can't degrade GM2 ganglioside
Also Nieman Pick disease, deficiency of sphingomyelinase |
