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3 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neural tube defects:
(1) Spina bifida occulta (2) Meningocele (3) Spina bifida w/meningocele (4) Spina bifida w/meningomyelocele (5) Spina bifida rachischisis (6) meningoencephalocele (7) Meningohydroencephalocele |
(1) Spina bifida occulta: Failure of boney spinal canal to close but no herniation. Usually lower vertebral levels and evidenced by tuft of hair.
(2) Meningocele: Meninges project through spinal canal. (3) Spina bifida w/meningocele: Meninges project through vertebral defect and form CSF filled sac. Spinal cord is normal. (4) Spina bifida w/meningomyelocele: Meninges and spinal cord project through vertebral defect to form sac. (5) Spina bifida rachischisis: Posterior neuropore fails to close leading to an open neural tube that lies on surface of back. Cause paralysis from level of defect caudally. (6) meningoencephalocele: Meninges and brain protrude through skull defect. 75% death or severe mental retardation. (7) Meningohydroencephalocele: Meninges, brain, and portion of ventricle protrude through skull defect. |
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Forebrain anomalies: cause and effect
(1) Anencephaly (2) Holoprosencephaly |
(1) Anencephaly: due to failure of anterior neuropore to close leading to failure of brain to develop. Incompatible with life. Easily diagnosed with US; increased AFP
(2) Holoprosencephaly: decreased separation of hemispheres across midline resulting in cylopia and absence of olfactory bulbs and tracts; associated with Patau's syndrome (trisomy 13) and severe FAS |
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Posterior fossa malformations:
(1) Chiari Type II: clinical signs and associations (2) Dandy-Walker: description and associations |
(1) Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum (affects CNIX, X, and XII) w/aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly. Clinical signs: spastic dysphonia, difficulty swallowing, laryngeal stridor, diminished gag reflex, apnea, vocal cord paralysis. Assoc w/syringomyelia and thoracolumbar myelomeningocele.
(2) Large posterior fossa; absent cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle. Associated with atresia of foramen Luschka and Magendie (non comm hydrocephalus) |
