Usmle Step 1: Cell Biology, Histology, General Pathology

Front 1

Three cell types with regard to cell cycle

Back 1

Permanent, Stable, Labile

Front 2

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum rich cells

Back 2

-Mucus-secreting goblet cells of small intestine
-Antibody-secreting plasma cells
(ie lost of secretory protein)

Front 3

Cell cycle: Permanent cells

Back 3

Remain in G0. If they regenerate, they regenerate from stem cells.

Front 4

Cell cycle: Stable cells

Back 4

Enter G1 from G0 when stimulated

Front 5

Cell cycle: Labile cells

Back 5

Never go to G0, divide rapidly with a short G1

Front 6

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Functions

Back 6

-Steroid synthesis
-Detoxification of drugs and poisons

Front 7

Permanent cells: cell types

Back 7

-Neurons
-Skeletal and cardiac muscle
-RBCs (regenerate from stem cells)

Front 8

Stable cells: cell types

Back 8

-Hepatocytes
-Lymphocytes

Front 9

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum rich cells

Back 9

-Liver hepatocytes
-Steroid hormone-producing cells of the adrenal cortex

Front 10

Labile cells: cell types

Back 10

-Bone marrow
-Gut epithelium
-Skin
-Hair follicles
(think about chemotherapy side effects)

Front 11

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Functions

Back 11

-Synthesis of secretory (exported) proteins
-N-linked oligosaccharide addition to many proteins

Front 12

Neurons: name of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and its function

Back 12

Nissl bodies sytnhesize enzymes (eg ChAT) and peptide neurotransmitters.

Front 13

Golgi apparatus

Back 13

What organelle is this?

Front 14

6 functions of Golgi apparatus

Back 14

1. Distribution center
--Input: Proteins and lipids from endoplasmic reticulum
--Output: Plasma membrane, lysosomes, secretory vesicles
2. Modifies N-oligosaccharides on asparagine
3. Adds O-oligosaccharides to serine and threonine residues (on protein)
4. Addition of mannose-6-phosphate to proteins designated for lysosome
5. Proteoglycan assembly from core proteins
6. Sulfation of sugars in proteoglycans and of selected tyrosine on proteins

Front 15

B

Back 15

Which letter marks the cis-face?

Front 16

I-cell disease: Problem

Back 16

In Golgi apparatus, failure to add mannose-6-phosphate to intralysosomal designated proteins leads to their improper export

Front 17

A

Back 17

Which letter marks the trans-face?

Front 18

I-cell disease: Presentation

Back 18

-coarse facial features
-clouded corneas
-restricted joint movement
-high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes
-fatal in childhood

Front 19

3 types of vesicular trafficking proteins

Back 19

COPI, COPII, and Clathrin

Front 20

COPI: Function

Back 20

Retrograde Intracellular transport: cis-Golgi to RER

Front 21

COPII: Function

Back 21

Anterograde Intracellular transport: RER to cis-Golgi

Front 22

Clathrin: Function

Back 22

Extracellular/lysosomal transport:
-lysosome: trans-Golgi to lysosome
-trans-Golgi to plasma membrane to endosomes (for receptor mediated endocytosis)

Front 23

Microtubules: Diameter

Back 23

24 nm

Front 24

Microtubules: Structure

Back 24

13 dimers of alpha/beta tubulin per circumference (each dimer bound to GTP), repeated in helical configuration

Front 25

Microtubules: Found in ?

Back 25

-Flagella
-Cilia
-Mitotic spindles
-Slow neuronal axoplasmic transport

Front 26

Microtubules: Speed of growth and collapse

Back 26

Grows slowly and collapses quickly

Front 27

Microtubules: Affected by which drugs?

Back 27

-Mebendazole/thiabendazole (antihelminthic)
-Taxol (anti-breast cancer)
-Griseofulvin (anti-fungal)
-Vincristine/Vinblastine (anti-cancer)
-Colchicine (anti-gout)

Front 28

Microtubule polymerization defects: Found in what syndrome

Back 28

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Front 29

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Back 29

Microtubule polymerization defect resulting in decreased phagocytosis

Front 30

Cilia: Structure

Back 30

-9+2 arrangement of microtubule doublets
-The 9 peripheral doublets are linked by dynein atpase

Front 31

Cilia: Mechanism

Back 31

The 9 peripheral doublets are linked by dynein atpase, which causes bending of cilium by differential sliding of doublets

Front 32

Molecular motors and direction of transport in cell

Back 32

Dynein: retrograde (DIES back towards nucleus)
Kinesin: anterograde (MOVES kinetically forward)

Front 33

Kartagener's syndrome: Defect

Back 33

Dynein arm defect causing immotile cilia

Front 34

What is phosphatidylcholine also known as?

Back 34

lecithin

Front 35

Kartagener's syndrome: Presentation

Back 35

-Male infertility (immotile sperm)
-Female infertility (immotile fallopian cilia)
-Bronchiectasis and recurrent sinusitis (bacteria and particles not pushed out)
-Situs inversus

Front 36

What syndrome is situs inversus associated with?

Back 36

Kartagener's

Front 37

Plasma membrane: composition

Back 37

-Cholesterol (~50%)
-Phospholipids (~50%)
-Sphingolipids
-Glycolipids
-Proteins

Front 38

What is lecithin also known as?

Back 38

phosphatidylcholine

Front 39

Plasma membrane: melting temperature association

Back 39

High cholesterol or long saturated fatty acid content means increased melting temperature

Front 40

Where is phosphatidylcholine found?

Back 40

Major component of:
1. RBC membranes
2. myelin
3. bile
4. surfactant (DPPC- dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine)

Front 41

Drugs that inhibit the sodium-potassium pump

Back 41

-Ouabain
-Cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digitoxin)

Front 42

Ouabain: Mechanism

Back 42

Inhibits Na-K atpase by binding to K site.

Front 43

What process uses phosphatidylcholine?

Back 43

Esterification of cholesterol with LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase)

Front 44

Cardiac glycosides: Mechanism

Back 44

Inhibits Na-K atpase, increasing cardiac contractility

Front 45

True or False: Collagen is not the most abundant protein in the body?

Back 45

False, it is. (25% of all protein in the human body is collagen)

Front 46

True or False: Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body?

Back 46

True. (25% of all protein in the human body is collagen)

Front 47

Collagen types and their primary locations

Back 47

Be (So Totally) Cool, Read Books
1. (90% of all collagen) Bone, Skin, Tendon (bONE)
2. Cartilage (carTWOlage)
3. (Reticulin)-blood vessels
4. Basement membrane

Front 48

Collagen Type I locations

Back 48

Be (So Totally) cool, read books

-Bone (bONE)
-Skin
-Tendon
-dentin
-fascia
-cornea
-late wound repair

Front 49

Collagen Type II locations

Back 49

be (so totally) COOL, read books

-Cartilage (carTWOlage)
-vitreous body
-nucleus pulposus

Front 50

Collagen Type III locations

Back 50

be (so totally) cool, READ books

(Reticulin)
-blood vessels
-skin
-uterus
-fetal tissue
-granulation tissue

Front 51

Collagen Type IV locations

Back 51

be (so totally) cool, read BOOKS

-basement membrane or basal lamina
(four under the floor)

Front 52

Collagen synthesis: list of events and locations

Back 52

Intracellular
1. Synthesis (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
2. Hydroxylation (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
3. Glycosylation (Golgi)
4. Exocytosis
Extracellular
5. Proteolytic processing
6. Cross-linking

Front 53

Collagen production step 1: Synthesis

Back 53

-In rough endoplasmic reticulum
-translation of collagen alpha chains (aka preprocollagen)

Front 54

Composition and other name of collagen alpha-chains

Back 54

-Gly-X-Y (where X and Y are proline, hydroxyproline, or hydroxylysine)
-aka preprocollagen

Front 55

Composition and other name of preprocollagen

Back 55

-Gly-X-Y (where X and Y are proline, hydroxyproline, or hydroxylysine)
-aka collagen alpha-chains

Front 56

Collagen production step 2: Hydroxylation

Back 56

-In endoplasmic reticulum
-Hydroxylation of specific proline and lysine residues (using vitamin C)

Front 57

Collagen production step for which vitamin C is required

Back 57

Hydroxylation of Gly-X-Y chains to form hydroxyproline or hydroxylysine

Front 58

Collagen production step 3: Glycosylation

Back 58

-In Golgi apparatus
-Glycosylation of preprocollagen lysine residues and formation of procollagen (triple helix of three collagen alpha chains)

Front 59

Composition of procollagen

Back 59

Triple helix of three collagen alpha chains (aka three preprocollagen chains)

Front 60

Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Pathophysiology

Back 60

Cannot take glycosylated alpha-chains and form procollagen (triple helix)

Front 61

Collagen production step 4: Exocytosis

Back 61

Exocytosis of procollagen

Front 62

Collagen production step 5: Proteolytic processing

Back 62

Cleavage of terminal regions of procollagen, transforming it into insoluble tropocollagen

Front 63

Composition of tropocollagen

Back 63

Procollagen (triple-helix) with terminal regions cleaved

Front 64

Collagen production step 6: Cross-linking

Back 64

Reinforcement of many staggered tropocollagen molecules by covalent lysine-hydroxylysine cross-linkage to make collagen fibrils

Front 65

Enzyme which performs collagen cross-linking (final step)

Back 65

Lysyl oxidase

Front 66

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: Pathophysiology

Back 66

Nonfunctioning lysyl oxidase resulting in lack of collagen fibrils (linked tropocollagen molecules)

Front 67

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: Presentation

Back 67

-Hyperextensible skin
-Tendency to bleed/easy bruising
-Hypermobile joints

Front 68

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: # of types

Back 68

10

Front 69

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: Inheritance

Back 69

Varies

Front 70

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: Most frequently affected collagen type and result

Back 70

Type III collagen resulting in blood vessel instability

Front 71

Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Types

Back 71

-Abnormal collagen type I (bONE)
--Most common
--Autosomal-dominant
-Type II
--Fatal in utero or neonatal period

Front 72

Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Presentation

Back 72

1. Brittle bone disease: Multiple fractures with minimal trauma (often during birth)
2. Blue sclearae (due to translucency of connective tissue over the choroid)
3. Hearing loss (abnormal middle ear bones)
4. Dental imperfections due to lack of dentition

Front 73

Multiple fractures in a child: Differential Diagnosis

Back 73

-Child abuse
-Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Front 74

Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Incidence

Back 74

1:10,000

Front 75

Immunohistochemical stain for: Connective tissue

Back 75

Vimentin

Front 76

Immunohistochemical stain for: Muscle

Back 76

Desmin

Front 77

Immunohistochemical stain for: Epithelial cells

Back 77

Cytokeratin

Front 78

Immunohistochemical stain for: Neuroglia

Back 78

GFAP (Glial fibrillary acid proteins)

Front 79

Immunohistochemical stain for: Neurons

Back 79

Neurofilaments

Front 80

Vimentin stains for:

Back 80

Connective tissue

Front 81

Desmin stains for:

Back 81

Muscle

Front 82

Cytokeratin stains for:

Back 82

Epithelial cells

Front 83

GFAP (Glial fibrillary acid proteins) stains for:

Back 83

Neuroglia

Front 84

Neurofilaments stain for:

Back 84

Neurons

Front 85

Elastin: Description and Location

Back 85

Stretchy protein within lungs, large arteries, elastic ligaments

Front 86

Elastin and Collagen: Peptide composition difference

Back 86

Both: Proline and lysine rich
Collagen: Hydroxylated forms
Elastin: Non-hydroxylated forms

Front 87

Elastin: Structure

Back 87

Tropoelastin with fibrillin scaffolding (fibrillin defect in Marfan's syndrome)

Front 88

Elastin: Conformations

Back 88

Relaxed and stretched

Front 89

Elastase: function

Back 89

Break down elastin

Front 90

Elastase inhibitor

Back 90

alpha-1-antitrypsin

Front 91

Elastase excess: Found where

Back 91

Found in emphysema

Front 92

Association of emphysema with elastase

Back 92

Excess elastase activity can cause emphysema

Front 93

Apoptosis: Characteristics

Back 93

1. Cell shrinkage
2. Chromatin condensation
3. Membrane blebbing
4. Formation of apoptotic bodies which are then phagocytosed

Front 94

Apoptosis: Events which initiate it

Back 94

-Embryogenesis
-Hormone induction (menstruation)
-Immune cell-mediated death
-Injurious stimuli (eg radiation, hypoxia)
-Atrophy

Front 95

Necrosis: Definition

Back 95

Enzymatic degradation of a cell resulting from exogenous injury

Front 96

Necrosis: Characteristics

Back 96

1. Enzymatic digestion
2. Protein denaturation
3. Release of intracellular components
4. Inflammatory process.

Front 97

Necrosis: Types and where they are found

Back 97

1. Coagulative (heart, liver, kidney)
2. Liquefactive (brain)
3. Caseous (Tuberculosis)
4. Fat (Pancreas)
5. Fibrinoid (blood vessels)
6. Gangrenous (limbs, GI tract)

Front 98

Reversible or irreversible cell injury: Cellular swelling

Back 98

Reversible

Front 99

Reversible or irreversible cell injury: Nuclear chromatin clumping

Back 99

Reversible

Front 100

Reversible or irreversible cell injury: Decreased ATP synthesis

Back 100

Reversible

Front 101

Reversible or irreversible cell injury: Ribosomal detachment

Back 101

Reversible

Front 102

Reversible or irreversible cell injury: Glycogen depletion

Back 102

Reversible

Front 103

Reversible or irreversible cell injury: Plasma membrane damage

Back 103

Irreversible

Front 104

Reversible or irreversible cell injury: Lysosomal rupture

Back 104

Irreversible

Front 105

Reversible or irreversible cell injury: Calcium influx leading to oxidative phosphorylation

Back 105

Irreversible

Front 106

Reversible or irreversible cell injury: Nuclear pyknosis

Back 106

Irreversible

Front 107

Reversible or irreversible cell injury: Karyolysis

Back 107

Irreversible

Front 108

Reversible or irreversible cell injury: Karyorrhexis

Back 108

Irreversible

Front 109

Reversible or irreversible cell injury: Mitochondrial permeability

Back 109

Irreversible

Front 110

Inflammation: Classic signs

Back 110

-Rubor (redness)
-Dolor (pain)
-Calor (heat)
-Tumor (Swelling)
-Functio lassa (Loss of function)

Front 111

Characteristics of Inflammation: Fluid exudation

Back 111

1. Increased vascular permeability
2. Vasodilation
3. Endothelial injury

Front 112

Characteristics of Inflammation: Leukocyte activation

Back 112

1. Emigration
2. Chemotaxis
3. Phagocytosis and killing

Front 113

Characteristics of Inflammation: Fibrosis

Back 113

1. Fibroblast emigration and proliferation
2. Deposition of extracellular material

Front 114

Characteristics of Acute Inflammation

Back 114

Mediated by:
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Antibodies

Front 115

Characteristics of Chronic Inflammation

Back 115

Mediated by mononuclear cells:
-Characterized by persistant destruction and repair
-Granulomas: nodular collections of macrophages and giant cells

Front 116

Characteristics of Inflammation: Resolution

Back 116

1. Restoration of normal structure
2. Granulation tissue
3. Abscess
4. Fistula
5. Scarring

Front 117

Granulation tissue: histologic characteristics

Back 117

-highly vascularized
-fibrotic

Front 118

Abscess: histologic characteristics

Back 118

fibrosis surrounding pus

Front 119

Fistula: characteristics

Back 119

abnormal communication

Front 120

Scarring: histologic characteristics

Back 120

Collagen deposition resulting in altered structure and function

Front 121

Steps in leukocyte emigration

Back 121

1. Rolling
2. Tight binding
3. Diapedisis
4. Migration

Front 122

Leukocyte emigration step characteristics: Rolling

Back 122

Binding between:
-E-selectin on vascular endothelium
-Sialyl-LewisX on the leukocyte

Front 123

Leukocyte emigration step characteristics: Tight binding

Back 123

binding between:
-ICAM-1 on vascular endothelium
-LFA-1 on leukocyte

Front 124

Leukocyte emigration step characteristics: Diapedesis

Back 124

leukocyte travels between endothelial cells and exits blood vessel

Front 125

Leukocyte emigration step characteristics: Migration

Back 125

Leukocyte travels through interstitium to the site of injury or infection guided by chemotactic signals

Front 126

Chemotactic signals

Back 126

1. Bacterial products
2. Complement
3. Chemokines

Front 127

Free radical injury: Initiated by what?

Back 127

1. Radiation exposure
2. Metabolism of drugs (phase I)
3. Redox reactions
4. Nitric oxide
5. Transition metals
6. Leukocyte oxidative burst

Front 128

Free radical injury: Mechanism

Back 128

-Membrane lipid peroxidation
-Protein modification
-DNA breakage

Front 129

Free radical injury: Stopped by what?

Back 129

-Spontaneous decay
-Antioxidants
--Vitamin E
--Vitamin A
-Enzymes
--Catalase
--Superoxide dismutase
--Glutathione peroxidase

Front 130

Major cause of injury after thrombolytic therapy

Back 130

Free-radical production induced by reperfusion after anoxia

Front 131

Hyperplasia: definition

Back 131

reversible increase in number of cells

Front 132

Metaplasia: definition

Back 132

Reversible substitution of one cell type for another.

Front 133

Metaplasia: When found?

Back 133

Often secondary to irritation and/or environmental exposure (eg squamous metaplasia in trachea and bronchi of smokers)

Front 134

Dysplasia: definition

Back 134

Reversible abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape and size in comparison to normal tissue maturation

Front 135

Dysplasia: When found?

Back 135

In paraneoplastic syndromes

Front 136

Anaplasia: definition

Back 136

abnormal cells lacking differentiation, like primitive cells of same tissue.

Front 137

Anaplasia: When found?

Back 137

Undifferentiated malignancies

Front 138

Neoplasia: Definition

Back 138

A clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive

Front 139

Difference between hyperplasia and dysplasia

Back 139

Can occur together
1. hyperplasia - increase in number
2. dysplasia - abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape, and orientation

Front 140

Appearance of cancerous cells

Back 140

-High nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
-Clumped chromatin

Front 141

How does carcinoma invade a basement membrane?

Back 141

-Collagenases
-Hydrolases

Front 142

Seed and soil theory of metastasis

Back 142

Seed: Tumor embolus
Soil: Target organ

Front 143

Tumor grade: definition

Back 143

Degree of cellular differentiation based on histologic appearance of tumor

Front 144

Tumor stage: definition

Back 144

Degree of localization/spread based on site and size of primary lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, and presence of metastases

Front 145

Tumor grade vs stage: Quick characterization

Back 145

grade: character of tumor itself
stage: spread of tumor in a specific patient (Stage=Spread)

Front 146

Tumor grade vs stage: Which has more prognostic value?

Back 146

Stage

Front 147

TNM staging system

Back 147

Tumor size
Node involvement
Metastases

Front 148

Benign tumors of cell type: Blood cells

Back 148

Does not exist. The malignant blood cells are automatically metastasizing.

Front 149

Benign tumors of cell type: Blood vessels

Back 149

Hemangioma

Front 150

Benign tumors of cell type: Smooth muscle

Back 150

Leiomyoma

Front 151

Benign tumors of cell type: Skeletal muscle

Back 151

Rhabdomyoma

Front 152

Benign tumors of cell type: Bone

Back 152

Osteoma

Front 153

Benign tumors of cell type: Fat

Back 153

Lipoma

Front 154

Benign tumors of cell type: >1 cell type

Back 154

Mature teratoma (women)

Front 155

Benign tumors of cell type: Epithelium

Back 155

-Adenoma
-Papilloma

Front 156

Malignant tumor of cell type: Epithelium

Back 156

-Adenocarcinoma
-Papillary carcinoma

Front 157

Malignant tumor of cell type: Blood cells

Back 157

-Leukemia
-Lymphoma

Front 158

Malignant tumor of cell type: Blood vessels

Back 158

Angiosarcoma

Front 159

Malignant tumor of cell type: Smooth muscle

Back 159

Leiomyosarcoma

Front 160

Malignant tumor of cell type: Skeletal muscle

Back 160

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Front 161

Malignant tumor of cell type: Bone

Back 161

Osteosarcoma

Front 162

Malignant tumor of cell type: Fat

Back 162

Liposarcoma

Front 163

Malignant tumor of cell type: >1 cell type

Back 163

Immature teratoma, Mature teratoma (men only)

Front 164

Name the cell type: Adenoma

Back 164

Epithelium

Front 165

Name the cell type: Papilloma

Back 165

Epithelium

Front 166

Name the cell type: Adenocarcinoma

Back 166

Epithelium

Front 167

Name the cell type: Papillary carcinoma

Back 167

Epithelium

Front 168

Name the cell type: Leukemia

Back 168

Blood cells

Front 169

Name the cell type: Lymphoma

Back 169

Blood cells

Front 170

Name the cell type: Hemangioma

Back 170

Blood vessels

Front 171

Name the cell type: Angiosarcoma

Back 171

Blood vessels

Front 172

Name the cell type: Leiomyoma

Back 172

Smooth muscle

Front 173

Name the cell type: Leiomyosarcoma

Back 173

Smooth muscle

Front 174

Name the cell type: Rhabdomyoma

Back 174

Skeletal muscle

Front 175

Name the cell type: Rhabdomyosarcoma

Back 175

Skeletal muscle

Front 176

Name the cell type: Osteoma

Back 176

Bone

Front 177

Name the cell type: Osteosarcoma

Back 177

Bone

Front 178

Name the cell type: Lipoma

Back 178

Fat

Front 179

Name the cell type: Liposarcoma

Back 179

Fat

Front 180

Name the cell type: Teratoma

Back 180

>1 cell type

Front 181

Neoplasm associated with: Down syndrome

Back 181

ALL (we ALL fall Down), AML

Front 182

Neoplasm associated with: Xeroderma pigmentosum

Back 182

Melanoma and basal/squamous cell carcinomas of the skin

Front 183

Neoplasm associated with: albinism

Back 183

Melanoma and basal/squamous cell carcinomas of the skin

Front 184

Neoplasm associated with: Chronic atrophic gastritis

Back 184

Gastric adenocarcinoma

Front 185

Neoplasm associated with: Pernicious anemia

Back 185

Gastric adenocarcinoma

Front 186

Neoplasm associated with: Post surgical gastric remnants

Back 186

Gastric adenocarcinoma

Front 187

Neoplasm associated with: Tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, mental retardation)

Back 187

Astrocytoma and cardiac rhabdomyoma

Front 188

Neoplasm associated with: Actinic Keratosis

Back 188

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of skin

Front 189

Neoplasm associated with: Barrett's esophagus

Back 189

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

Front 190

Neoplasm associated with: Plummer-Vinson syndrome (atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia; all due to iron deficiency)

Back 190

Squamous Cell carcinoma of the esophagus

Front 191

Neoplasm associated with: Cirrhosis (alcoholic, hepatitis B and C)

Back 191

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 192

Neoplasm associated with: Ulcerative colitis

Back 192

Colonic adenocarcinoma

Front 193

Neoplasm associated with: Paget's disease of bone

Back 193

Secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma

Front 194

Neoplasm associated with: Immunodeficiency states

Back 194

Malignant lymphomas

Front 195

Neoplasm associated with: AIDS

Back 195

Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's) and Kaposi's sarcoma

Front 196

Neoplasm associated with: Autoimmune diseases

Back 196

Benign/malignant thymomas

Front 197

Neoplasm associated with: Acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation and epidermal thickening)

Back 197

Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)

Front 198

Neoplasm associated with: Dysplastic nevus

Back 198

Malignant melanoma

Front 199

Condition associated with: ALL

Back 199

Down syndrome (we ALL fall Down)

Front 200

Condition associated with: AML

Back 200

Down syndrome

Front 201

Condition associated with: Melanoma

Back 201

Xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism
If malignant, dysplastic nevus

Front 202

Condition associated with: Basal cell carcinoma of skin

Back 202

Xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism

Front 203

Condition associated with: Squamous cell carcinoma of skin

Back 203

Actinic keratosis, Xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism

Front 204

Condition associated with: Gastric adenocarcinoma

Back 204

1. Chronic atrophic gastritis
2. Pernicious anemia
3. Postsurgical gastric remnants

Front 205

Condition associated with: Astrocytoma

Back 205

Tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, mental retardation)

Front 206

Condition associated with: Cardiac rhabdomyoma

Back 206

Tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, mental retardation)

Front 207

Condition associated with: Esophageal adenocarcinoma

Back 207

Barrett's esophagus

Front 208

Condition associated with: Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus

Back 208

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Front 209

Plummer-Vinson syndrome: Presentation

Back 209

-Atrophic glossitis
-Esophageal webs
-Anemia

Front 210

Plummer-Vinson syndrome: Cause

Back 210

Iron deficiency

Front 211

Condition associated with: Hepatocellular carcinoma

Back 211

Cirrhosis due to:
1) alcohol
2) hepatitis B or C

Front 212

Condition associated with: Colonic adenocarcinoma

Back 212

Ulcerative colitis

Front 213

Condition associated with: Secondary osteosarcoma

Back 213

Paget's disease of bone

Front 214

Condition associated with: Fibrosarcoma

Back 214

Paget's disease of bone

Front 215

Condition associated with: Malignant lymphomas

Back 215

Immunodeficiency states

Front 216

Condition associated with: aggressive malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Back 216

AIDS

Front 217

Condition associated with: Kaposi's sarcoma

Back 217

AIDS

Front 218

Condition associated with: Benign thymoma

Back 218

Autoimmune diseases (eg Hashimoto's thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis)

Front 219

Condition associated with: Malignant thymoma

Back 219

Autoimmune diseases (eg Hashimoto's thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis)

Front 220

Condition associated with: Visceral malignancy

Back 220

Acanthosis nigricans

Front 221

Acanthosis nigricans: Presentation

Back 221

-Hyperpigmentation
-Epidermal thickening

Front 222

Tumor associated with this gene: abl

Back 222

CML

Front 223

Tumor associated with this gene: c-myc

Back 223

Burkitt's lymphoma

Front 224

Tumor associated with this gene: bcl-2

Back 224

Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis)

Front 225

Tumor associated with this gene: erb-B2

Back 225

Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas

Front 226

Tumor associated with this gene: ras

Back 226

Colon carcinoma

Front 227

Tumor associated with this gene: L-myc

Back 227

Lung tumor (L for Lung)

Front 228

Tumor associated with this gene: N-myc

Back 228

Neuroblastoma (N for Neuroblastoma)

Front 229

Tumor associated with this gene: ret

Back 229

Multiple endocrine neoplasia types II and III

Front 230

Gene associated with this tumor: CML

Back 230

oncogene abl (philadelphia chromosome)

Front 231

Gene associated with this tumor: Burkitt's lymphoma

Back 231

oncogene c-myc

Front 232

Gene associated with this tumor: Follicular lymphoma

Back 232

oncogene bcl-2 (inhibits apoptosis)

Front 233

Gene associated with this tumor: Undifferentiated lymphoma

Back 233

oncogene bcl-2 (inhibits apoptosis)

Front 234

Gene associated with this tumor: Breast carcinoma

Back 234

oncogene erb-B2

Front 235

Gene associated with this tumor: Ovarian carcinoma

Back 235

oncogene erb-B2

Front 236

Gene associated with this tumor: Gastric carcinoma

Back 236

oncogene erb-B2

Front 237

Gene associated with this tumor: Colon carcinoma

Back 237

oncogene ras

Front 238

Gene associated with this tumor: Lung tumor

Back 238

oncogene L-myc (L for Lung)

Front 239

Gene associated with this tumor: Neuroblastoma

Back 239

oncogene N-myc (N for neuroblastoma)

Front 240

Gene associated with this tumor: Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type I

Back 240

oncogene MEN1 encoding menin on chromosome 11q

Front 241

Gene associated with this tumor: Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type II

Back 241

oncogene ret

Front 242

Gene associated with this tumor: Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type III

Back 242

oncogene ret

Front 243

Chromosome and tumor associated with this gene (what type of gene): Rb

Back 243

Tumor suppressor gene on 13q: Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma

Front 244

Chromosome and tumor associated with this gene (what type of gene): BRCA1

Back 244

Tumor suppressor gene on 17q: Breast and ovarian cancer

Front 245

Chromosome and tumor associated with this gene (what type of gene): BRCA2

Back 245

Tumor suppressor gene on 13q: Breast and ovarian cancer

Front 246

Chromosome and tumor associated with this gene (what type of gene): p53

Back 246

Tumor suppressor gene on 17p: Most human cancers and Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

Front 247

Chromosome and tumor associated with this gene (what type of gene): p16

Back 247

Tumor suppressor gene on 9p: Melanoma

Front 248

Chromosome and tumor associated with this gene (what type of gene): APC

Back 248

Tumor suppressor gene on 5q: Colorectal cancer

Front 249

Chromosome and tumor associated with this gene (what type of gene): WT1

Back 249

Tumor suppressor gene on 11q: Wilm's tumor

Front 250

Chromosome and tumor associated with this gene (what type of gene): NF1

Back 250

Tumor suppressor gene on 17q: Neurofibromatosis type 1

Front 251

Chromosome and tumor associated with this gene (what type of gene): NF2

Back 251

Tumor suppressor gene on 22q: Neurofibromatosis type 2

Front 252

Chromosome and tumor associated with this gene (what type of gene): DPC

Back 252

Tumor suppressor gene on 18q: Pancreatic cancer

Front 253

Chromosome and tumor associated with this gene (what type of gene): DCC

Back 253

Tumor suppressor gene on 18q: Colon cancer

Front 254

Gene and associated tumor on chromosome: 5q

Back 254

Tumor suppressor gene APC: Colorectal cancer

Front 255

Gene and associated tumor on chromosome: 9p

Back 255

Tumor suppressor gene p16: melanoma

Front 256

Gene and associated tumor on chromosome: 11q

Back 256

Tumor suppressor gene WT1: Wilm's tumor

Front 257

Gene and associated tumor on chromosome: 13q

Back 257

Tumor suppressor genes Rb (Retinoblastoma, Osteosarcoma) and BRCA2 (Breast and Ovarian cancer)

Front 258

Gene and associated tumor on chromosome: 17p

Back 258

Tumor suppressor gene p53: Most human cancers and Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Front 259

Gene and associated tumor on chromosome: 17q

Back 259

Tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 (Breast and ovarian cancer) and NF1 (Neurofibromatosis type 1)

Front 260

Gene and associated tumor on chromosome: 18q

Back 260

Tumor suppressor genes DPC (Pancreatic cancer) and DCC (Colon cancer)

Front 261

Gene and associated tumor on chromosome: 22q

Back 261

Tumor suppressor gene NF2: Neurofibromatosis type 2

Front 262

Gene and matching chromosome associated with: Retinoblastoma

Back 262

Tumor suppressor gene Rb on chromosome 13q

Front 263

Gene and matching chromosome associated with: Osteosarcoma

Back 263

Tumor suppressor gene Rb on chromosome 13q

Front 264

Gene and matching chromosome associated with: Breast cancer

Back 264

Tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 (17q) and BRCA2 (13q)

Front 265

Gene and matching chromosome associated with: Ovarian cancer

Back 265

Tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 (17q) and BRCA2 (13q)

Front 266

Gene and matching chromosome associated with: Most human cancers

Back 266

Tumor suppressor gene p53 on chromosome 17p

Front 267

Gene and matching chromosome associated with: Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Back 267

Tumor suppressor gene p53 on chromosome 17p

Front 268

Gene and matching chromosome associated with: Melanoma

Back 268

Tumor suppressor gene p16 on chromosome 9p

Front 269

Gene and matching chromosome associated with: Colorectal cancer

Back 269

Tumor suppressor gene APC on chromosome 5q

Front 270

Gene and matching chromosome associated with: Wilms' tumor

Back 270

Tumor suppressor gene WT1 on chromosome 11q

Front 271

Gene and matching chromosome associated with: Neurofibromatosis type 1

Back 271

Tumor suppressor gene NF1 on chromosome 17q

Front 272

Gene and matching chromosome associated with: Neurofibromatosis type 2

Back 272

Tumor suppressor gene NF2 on chromosome 22q

Front 273

Gene and matching chromosome associated with: Pancreatic cancer

Back 273

Tumor suppressor gene DPC on chromosome 18q

Front 274

Gene and matching chromosome associated with: Colon cancer

Back 274

Tumor suppressor gene DCC on chromosome 18q

Front 275

Oncogenes: gain or loss of function QUICK

Back 275

onco: gain

Front 276

tumor suppressor genes: gain or loss of function QUICK

Back 276

tumor suppressor: loss

Front 277

Oncogenes: one or two alleles need to be damaged QUICK

Back 277

One (gain of function)

Front 278

Tumor suppressor genes: one or two alleles need to be damaged QUICK

Back 278

Two (loss of function)

Front 279

Association for tumor marker: PSA

Back 279

Screening for Prostatic Carcinoma

Front 280

Association for tumor marker: CEA

Back 280

-Carcinoembryonic antigen.
-In ~70% of colorrectal and pancreatic cancers
-Also produced by gastric and breast carcinomas
-Very nonspecific

Front 281

Association for tumor marker: alpha-fetoprotein

Back 281

-Hepatocellular carcinomas
-Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis (eg yolk sac tumor)

Front 282

Association for tumor marker: beta-hCG

Back 282

-Hydatidiform moles
-Choriocarcinomas
-Gestational trophoblastic tumors

Front 283

Association for tumor marker: CA-125

Back 283

-Ovarian malignant epithelial tumors

Front 284

Association for tumor marker: S-100

Back 284

-Melanoma
-Neural tumors
-Astrocytomas

Front 285

Association for tumor marker: Alkaline phosphatase

Back 285

-Metastases to bone
-Obstructive biliary disease
-Paget's disease of bone

Front 286

Association for tumor marker: Bombesin

Back 286

-Neuroblastoma
-Lung cancer
-Gastric cancer

Front 287

Association for tumor marker: TRAP

Back 287

-Tartrate-resistance acid phosphatase
-Found in hairy cell leukemia

Front 288

What type of cell is found in hairy cell leukemia?

Back 288

B-cells

Front 289

Association for tumor marker: CA-19-9

Back 289

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Front 290

Tumor marker for: Prostatic carcinoma

Back 290

-PSA
-Prostatic acid phosphatase

Front 291

Tumor marker for: Colorectal cancer

Back 291

CEA - Carcinoembryonic antigen
-Produced by 70% of colorectal cancers

Front 292

Tumor marker for: Pancreatic cancer

Back 292

CEA - Carcinoembryonic antigen
-Produced by 70% of pancreatic cancers

CA-19-9
-Produced in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Front 293

Tumor marker for: Gastric carcinoma

Back 293

-CEA - Carcinoembryonic antigen
-Bombesin

Front 294

Tumor marker for: Breast carcinoma

Back 294

CEA - Carcinoembryonic antigen

Front 295

Tumor marker for: Hepatocellular carcinoma

Back 295

alpha-fetoprotein

Front 296

Tumor marker for: Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis

Back 296

alpha-fetoprotein

Front 297

Tumor marker for: Hydatidiform moles

Back 297

beta-hCG

Front 298

Tumor marker for: Choriocarcinoma

Back 298

beta-hCG

Front 299

Tumor marker for: Gestational Trophoblastic tumors

Back 299

beta-hCG

Front 300

Tumor marker for: Malignant ovarian epithelial tumors

Back 300

CA-125

Front 301

Tumor marker for: Melanoma

Back 301

S-100

Front 302

Tumor marker for: Neural tumors

Back 302

General: S-100
Neuroblastoma: Bombesin

Front 303

Tumor marker for: Astrocytomas

Back 303

S-100

Front 304

Tumor marker for: Metastases to bone

Back 304

Alkaline phosphatase

Front 305

Tumor marker for: Obstructive biliary disease

Back 305

Alkaline phosphatase

Front 306

Tumor marker for: Paget's disease of bone

Back 306

Alkaline phosphatase

Front 307

Tumor marker for: Neuroblastoma

Back 307

Bombesin

Front 308

Tumor marker for: Lung cancer

Back 308

Bombesin

Front 309

Tumor marker for: Hairy cell leukemia

Back 309

TRAP (Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)

Front 310

Tumor marker for: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Back 310

CA-19-9

Front 311

Cancer associated with: HTLV-1

Back 311

HTLV=Human T-Lymphotropic Virus

Adult T-cell leukemia

Front 312

Cancer associated with: HBV

Back 312

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 313

Cancer associated with: HCV

Back 313

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 314

Cancer associated with: EBV

Back 314

-Burkitt's lymphoma
-Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Front 315

Cancer associated with: HPV

Back 315

-Cervical carcinoma (with HPV 16,18)
-Penile/anal carcinoma

Front 316

Cancer associated with: HHV-8

Back 316

HHV-8 = Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus

-Kaposi's sarcoma
-body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma

Front 317

Oncogenic virus associated with: Adult T-cell leukemia

Back 317

HTLV-1 (HTLV=Human T-Lymphotropic Virus)

Front 318

Oncogenic virus associated with: Hepatocellular carcinoma

Back 318

-HBV
-HCV

Front 319

Oncogenic virus associated with: Burkitt's lymphoma

Back 319

EBV

Front 320

Oncogenic virus associated with: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Back 320

EBV

Front 321

Oncogenic virus associated with: Cervical carcinoma

Back 321

HPV 16 and 18

Front 322

Oncogenic virus associated with: Penile carcinoma

Back 322

HPV

Front 323

Oncogenic virus associated with: Anal carcinoma

Back 323

HPV

Front 324

Oncogenic virus associated with: Kaposi's sarcoma

Back 324

HHV-8 (aka Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus)

Front 325

Oncogenic virus associated with: body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma

Back 325

HHV-8 (Human Herpesvirus 8)

Front 326

Organ affected by: Aflatoxins

Back 326

Liver (hepatocellular carcinoma)

Front 327

Organ affected by: Vinyl chloride

Back 327

Liver (angiosarcoma)

Front 328

Organ affected by and effects of: CCl4

Back 328

Liver
-centrilobular necrosis
-fatty change

Front 329

Organ affected by: Nitrosamines

Back 329

-Esophagus
-Stomach

Front 330

Organ affected by: Cigarette smoke

Back 330

-Larynx
-Lung

Front 331

Organ affected by: Asbestos

Back 331

Lung
-Mesothelioma
-Bronchogenic carcinoma

Front 332

Organ affected by: Arsenic

Back 332

Skin (squamous cell carcinoma)

Front 333

Organ affected by: Naphthalene (aniline) dyes

Back 333

Bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)

Front 334

Organ affected by: Alkylating agents

Back 334

Blood (leukemia)

Front 335

Carcinogen associated with: Hepatocellular carcinoma

Back 335

Aflatoxins

Front 336

Carcinogen associated with: Angiosarcoma

Back 336

Vinyl chloride

Front 337

Carcinogen associated with: Centrilobular necrosis of liver

Back 337

CCl4

Front 338

Carcinogen associated with: Fatty change of liver

Back 338

CCl4

Front 339

Carcinogen associated with: Liver

Back 339

-Aflatoxins
-Vinyl chloride
-CCl4

Front 340

Carcinogen associated with: Esophagus

Back 340

Nitrosamines

Front 341

Carcinogen associated with: Stomach

Back 341

Nitrosamines

Front 342

Carcinogen associated with: Larynx

Back 342

Cigarette smoke

Front 343

Carcinogen associated with: Lung

Back 343

-Cigarette smoke
-Asbestos

Front 344

Carcinogen associated with: Mesothelioma of lung

Back 344

Asbestos

Front 345

Carcinogen associated with: Bronchogenic carcinoma of lung

Back 345

Asbestos

Front 346

Carcinogen associated with: Skin

Back 346

Arsenic (squamous cell carcinoma)

Front 347

Carcinogen associated with: Bladder

Back 347

Naphthalene dyes (transitional cell carcinoma)

Front 348

Carcinogen associated with: Blood

Back 348

Alkylating agents (leukemia)

Front 349

Paraneoplastic effects: definition

Back 349

Symptoms not directly related to tumor or hormones of tumor tissue

Front 350

Name/effect and cause of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with: Small cell lung carcinoma

Back 350

(with intracranial neoplasms)
-Cause: ADH
-Effect: SIADH

(without intracranial neoplasms)
-Cause:ACTH/ACTH-like peptide
-Effect: Cushing's

-Cause:Antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at neuromuscular junction
-Effect: Lambert-Eaton Syndrome (muscle weakness)

Front 351

Name/effect and cause of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with: Squamous cell lung carcinoma

Back 351

Causes:
-PTH-related peptide
-TGF-beta
-TNF-alpha
-IL-1
Effect: Hypercalcemia

Front 352

Name/effect and cause of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with: Renal cell carcinoma

Back 352

Cause: Erythropoietin
Effect: Polycythemia

Causes:
-PTH-related peptide
-TGF-beta
-TNF-alpha
-IL-1
Effect: Hypercalcemia

Front 353

Name/effect and cause of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with: Breast carcinoma

Back 353

Causes:
-PTH-related peptide
-TGF-beta
-TNF-alpha
-IL-1
Effect: Hypercalcemia

Front 354

Name/effect and cause of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with: Multiple myeloma

Back 354

Causes:
-PTH-related peptide
-TGF-beta
-TNF-alpha
-IL-1
Effect: Hypercalcemia

Front 355

Name/effect and cause of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with: Bone metastasis (lysed bone)

Back 355

(Though technically not a paraneoplastic syndrome)

Causes:
-PTH-related peptide
-TGF-beta
-TNF-alpha
-IL-1
Effect: Hypercalcemia

Front 356

Name/effect and cause of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with: Hemangioblastoma

Back 356

Cause: Erythropoietin
Effect: Polycythemia

Front 357

Name/effect and cause of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with: Hepatocellular carcinoma

Back 357

Cause: Erythropoietin
Effect: Polycythemia

Front 358

Name/effect and cause of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with: Thymoma

Back 358

-Cause:Antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at neuromuscular junction
-Effect: Lambert-Eaton Syndrome (muscle weakness)

Front 359

Name/effect and cause of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with: Leukemia

Back 359

Cause: Hypercalcemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (ie, cytotoxic therapy)
Effects:
-Gout
-Urate nephropathy

Front 360

Name/effect and cause of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with: Lymphoma

Back 360

Cause: Hypercalcemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (ie, cytotoxic therapy)
Effects:
-Gout
-Urate nephropathy

Front 361

Paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm associated with: ACTH

Back 361

Paraneoplastic syndrome: Cushing's syndrome

Neoplasm: Small cell lung carcinoma

Front 362

Paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm associated with: ACTH-like peptide

Back 362

Paraneoplastic syndrome: Cushing's syndrome

Neoplasm: Small cell lung carcinoma

Front 363

Paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm associated with: ADH

Back 363

Paraneoplastic syndrome: SIADH

Neoplasm: Small cell lung carcinoma with intracranial neoplasms

Front 364

Paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm associated with: PTH-related peptide

Back 364

Paraneoplastic syndrome: Hypercalcemia

Neoplasms:
-Squamous cell lung carcinoma
-Renal cell carcinoma
-Breast carcinoma
-Multiple myeloma
-Bone metastasis (lysed bone) (not really a paraneoplastic syndrome for this one)

Front 365

Paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm associated with: TGF-beta

Back 365

Paraneoplastic syndrome: Hypercalcemia

Neoplasms:
-Squamous cell lung carcinoma
-Renal cell carcinoma
-Breast carcinoma
-Multiple myeloma
-Bone metastasis (lysed bone) (not really a paraneoplastic syndrome for this one)

Front 366

Paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm associated with: TNF-alpha

Back 366

Paraneoplastic syndrome: Hypercalcemia

Neoplasms:
-Squamous cell lung carcinoma
-Renal cell carcinoma
-Breast carcinoma
-Multiple myeloma
-Bone metastasis (lysed bone) (not really a paraneoplastic syndrome for this one)

Front 367

Paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm associated with: IL-1

Back 367

Paraneoplastic syndrome: Hypercalcemia

Neoplasms:
-Squamous cell lung carcinoma
-Renal cell carcinoma
-Breast carcinoma
-Multiple myeloma
-Bone metastasis (lysed bone) (not really a paraneoplastic syndrome for this one)

Front 368

Paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm associated with: Erythropoietin

Back 368

Paraneoplastic syndrome: Polycythemia

Neoplasms:
-Renal cell carcinoma
-hemangioblastoma
-hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 369

Paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm associated with: Antibodies against Ca2+ channels

Back 369

Paraneoplastic syndrome: Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscle weakness due to presynaptic channels being destroyed)

Neoplasms:
-Thymoma
-Small-cell lung cancer

Front 370

Paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm associated with: Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (ie cytotoxic therapy)

Back 370

Paraneoplastic syndromes:
-Gout
-Urate nephropathy

Neoplasms:
-Leukemia
-Lymphoma

Front 371

For the following paraneoplastic syndrome, give the causes and associated neoplasms: Cushing's syndrome

Back 371

Cause: ACTH or ACTH-like peptide

Neoplasm: Small cell lung carcinoma

Front 372

For the following paraneoplastic syndrome, give the causes and associated neoplasms: SIADH

Back 372

Cause: ADH

Neoplasms: Small cell lung carcinoma with intracranial neoplasms

Front 373

For the following paraneoplastic syndrome, give the causes and associated neoplasms: Hypercalcemia

Back 373

Causes:
-PTH-related peptide
-TGF-beta
-TNF-alpha
-IL-1

Neoplasms:
-Squamous cell lung carcinoma
-Renal cell carcinoma
-Breast carcinoma
-Multiple myeloma
-Bone metastasis (lysed bone: technically not a paraneoplastic cause)

Front 374

For the following paraneoplastic syndrome, give the causes and associated neoplasms: Polycythemia

Back 374

Cause: Erythropoietin

Neoplasms:
-Renal cell carcinoma
-Hemangioblastoma
-Hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 375

For the following paraneoplastic syndrome, give the causes and associated neoplasms: Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscle weakness)

Back 375

Cause: Antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at neuromuscular junction

Neoplasms:
-Thymoma
-Small cell lung carcinoma

Front 376

For the following paraneoplastic syndrome, give the causes and associated neoplasms: Gout

Back 376

Cause: Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (ie cytotoxic therapy)

Neoplasms:
-Leukemias
-Lymphomas

Front 377

For the following paraneoplastic syndrome, give the causes and associated neoplasms: Urate nephropathy

Back 377

Cause: Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (ie cytotoxic therapy)

Neoplasms:
-Leukemias
-Lymphomas

Front 378

Primary tumors that metastasize to the brain

Back 378

Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia

-Lung
-Breast
-Skin (melanoma)
-Kidney (renal cell carcinoma)
-GI

Front 379

Primary tumors that metastasize to the liver

Back 379

Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver

By decreasing frequency:
-Colon
-Stomach
-Pancreas
-Breast
-Lung

Front 380

Primary tumors that metastasize to bone

Back 380

Primary Tumors Like Killing Bone

-Prostate (blastic)
-Thyroid/Testes
-Lung (Lytic)
-Kidney
-Breast (Both lytic and blastic)

Prostate and bone are most common

Front 381

% of brain tumors from metastases

Back 381

50%

Front 382

% of liver tumors from metastases

Back 382

Unspecified, but there are many more metastases than primary liver tumors

Front 383

% of bone tumors from metastases

Back 383

Unspecified, but there are many more metastases than primary bone tumors

Front 384

Brain metastasis: Morphology

Back 384

-Multiple
-Well circumscribed
-At gray/white border

Front 385

Incidence and mortality in men of the following cancer: Prostate

Back 385

Incidence: 32%
Mortality: 13%

Front 386

Incidence in men of the following cancer: Lung

Back 386

Incidence: 16%
Mortality: 33%

Front 387

Incidence in men of the following cancer: Colon and rectum

Back 387

Incidence: 12%
Mortality: Unspecified

Front 388

Incidence and mortality in women of the following cancer: Breast

Back 388

Incidence: 32%
Mortality: 18%

Front 389

Incidence and mortality in women of the following cancer: Lung

Back 389

Incidence: 13%
Mortality: 23%

Front 390

Incidence and mortality in women of the following cancer: Colon and Rectum

Back 390

Incidence: 13%
Mortality: Unspecified

Front 391

Karyolysis (seen as nuclear fading indicating chromatin dissolution caused by action of DNAses and RNAses)

Back 391

What process does the following cell demonstrate?

Front 392

Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage when DNA condenses into shrunken basophilic mass)

Back 392

What process does the following cell demonstrate?

Front 393

Karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation due to rupture of pyknotic nucleic membranes)

Back 393

What process does the following cell demonstrate?

Front 394

Normal cells, no hyperplasia or dysplasia

Back 394

Stage of cancer progression

Front 395

Hyperplasia, no dysplasia

Back 395

Stage of cancer progression

Front 396

Hyperplasia with mild dysplasia

Back 396

Stage of cancer progression

Front 397

Severe dysplasia AKA carcinoma in situ

Back 397

Stage of cancer progression

Front 398

Cancer, invasive

Back 398

Stage of cancer progression

Front 399

Type of necrosis found in: Heart

Back 399

Coagulative

Front 400

Type of necrosis found in: Liver

Back 400

Coagulative

Front 401

Type of necrosis found in: Kidney

Back 401

Coagulative

Front 402

Type of necrosis found in: Brain

Back 402

Liquefactive

Front 403

Type of necrosis found in: Tuberculosis

Back 403

Caseous

Front 404

Type of necrosis found in: Pancreas

Back 404

Fat

Front 405

Type of necrosis found in: Blood vessels

Back 405

Fibrinoid

Front 406

Type of necrosis found in: Limbs

Back 406

Gangrenous

Front 407

Type of necrosis found in: GI tract

Back 407

Gangrenous