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336 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
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Actinic (solar) keratosis
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Cushing's ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
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Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
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Curling's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
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Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
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Skip lesions (alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon).
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Crohn's disease
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Aneurysm, dissecting
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Hypertension
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Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
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Atherosclerosis
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Aortic aneurysm, ascending
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Tertiary syphilis, Marfan's syndrome
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Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
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Wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion).
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Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
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Sickle cell anaemia (HbS)
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Bacteria associated with stomach cancer
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H. pylori
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Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
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Neisseria meningitidis
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Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
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Group B streptococcus (newborns); S.pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids).
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Benign melanocytic nevus
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Spitz nevus (most common in first 2 decades)
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Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
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Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand's factor).
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Brain tumour (adults)
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Supratentorial: mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
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Brain tumour (kids)
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Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or
Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum) |
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Breast cancer
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Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in US, 1/9 women will develop breast cancer)
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Breast mass
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1. Fibrocystic change; 2. Carcinoma (postmenopausal women)
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Breast tumour (benign)
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Fibroadenoma
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Cardiac primary tumour (kids)
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Rhabdomyoma
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Cardiac manifestations of lupus.
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Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting mitral)
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Cardiac tumour (adults)
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1. Metastasis; 2. Primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; 'ball and valve')
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Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
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Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
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Chronic arrhythmia
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Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
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Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
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Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
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Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
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DES exposure in utero
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
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21-hydroxylase deficiency
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Congenital cardiac anomaly
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VSD
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Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
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Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
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Constrictive pericarditis in developing world.
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Tuberculosis
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Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
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LAD > RCA > LCA
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Cretinism
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Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
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Cushing's syndrome
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1. Corticosteroid therapy; 2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary
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Cyanosis (early; less common)
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Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
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Cyanosis (late; more common)
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VSD, ASD, PDA
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Death in CML
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Blast crisis
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Death in SLE
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Lupus nephropathy
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Dementia
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1. Alzheimer's disease; 2. Multiple infarcts
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Demyelinating disease in young women
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Multiple sclerosis
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DIC
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Gram negative sepsis; obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma
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Dietary deficit
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Iron
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Diverticulum in pharynx
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Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
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Ejection click
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Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
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Esophageal cancer
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Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)
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Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
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S. aureus, B. cereus
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Glomerulonephritis (adults)
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Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
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Gynecological malignancy
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Endometrial carcinoma (most common)
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Heart murmur, congenital
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Mitral valve prolapse
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Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
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Mitral (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse), aortic (2nd affected in rheumatic fever)
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Helminth infection (US)
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1. Enterobius vermicularis; 2. Ascaris lumbricoides
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Rupture of middle meningeal artery (crescent shaped)
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Epidural hematoma
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Rupture of bridging veins (trauma; lentiform shaped)
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Subdural hematoma
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Hemochromatosis
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Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, 'bronze diabetes', and increased risk of HCC)
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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Cirrhotic liver (often associated with HBV and HCV)
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Hereditary bleeding disorder
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von Willebrand's diseas
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Hereditary harmless jaundice
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Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
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HLA-B27
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Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis
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HLA-DR3 or -DR4
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Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
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Holosystolic murmur
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VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
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Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
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Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
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Secondary hypertension
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renal disease
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Hypoparathyroidism
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Thyroidectomy
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Hypopituitarism
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Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumour)
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Infection secondary to blood transfusion
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HCV
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Kidney stones
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1. Calcium; 2. Struvite (ammonium - formed by urease-positive organisms such as proteus vulgaris or staphylococcus); 3. Uric acid (radiolucent)
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Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L --> R becomes R --> L)
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Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
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Liver disease
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Alcoholic cirrhosis
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Lysosomal storage disease
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Gaucher's disease
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Male cancer
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Prostatic carcinoma
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Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
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Hodgkin's lymphoma
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Malignant skin tumour
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Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
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Mental retardation
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1. Down syndrome; 2. Fragile X syndrome
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Metastases to bone
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Lung, Breast, Prostate, Thyroid, Testes, Kidney
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Metastases to brain
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Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI
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Metastases to liver
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Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinoma
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Mitral valve stenosis
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Rheumatic heart disease
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Mixed UMN and LMN motor neuron disease
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ALS
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Myocarditis
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Coxsackie B
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Neoplasms (kids)
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1. ALL; 2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma
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Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
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Membranous GN
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Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
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Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)
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Nosocomial pneumonia
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Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Obstruction of male urinary tract
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BPH
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Opening snap
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Mitral stenosis
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Opportunistic infection in AIDS
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Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia
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Osteomyelitis
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S. aureus
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Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease patients
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Salmonella
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Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer.
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Krukenberg tumour (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
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Ovarian tumour (benign)
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Serous cystadenoma
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Ovarian tumour (malignant)
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Serous cystadenocarcinoma
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Pancreatitis (acute)
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Gallstones, alcohol
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Pancreatitis (chronic)
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Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
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Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
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ALL: child;
CLL: adult >60 AML: adult >60 CML: adult 35-50 |
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Pelvic inflammatory disease
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Neisseria gonorrhoea (monoarticular arthritis)
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Philaedelphia chromosome
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t(9;22) bcr-abl.
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML) |
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Pituitary tumour
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1. Prolactinoma; 2. Somatotropic 'acidophilic' adenoma
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Primary amenorrhea
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Turner syndrome (XO)
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Primary bone tumour (adults)
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Multiple myeloma
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Primary hyperaldosteronism
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Adenoma of adrenal cortex
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Primary hyperparathyroidism
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1. Adenomas; 2. Hyperplasia; 3. Carcinoma
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Primary liver cancer
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin)
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Pulmonary hypertension
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COPD
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Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
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Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
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Renal tumour
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Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and adult polycystic kidney disease; Paraneoplastic syndromes (erythropoietin, renin, PTH, ACTH)
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Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
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Cor pulmonale
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S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
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Increased ventricular filling (L-->R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure)
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S4 (presystolic gallop)
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Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
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Secondary hyperparathyroidism
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Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
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Sexually transmitted disease
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Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
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SIADH
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Small cell carcinoma of the lung
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Site of diverticula
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Sigmoid colon
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Sites of atherosclerosis
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Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
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Stomach cancer
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Adenocarcinoma
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Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
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Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
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t(14;18)
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Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
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t(8; 14)
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Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
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t(9;22)
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Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl hybrid)
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Temporal arteritis
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Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
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Testicular tumour
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Seminoma
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Thyroid cancer
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Papillary carcinoma
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Tumour in women
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Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent)
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Tumour of infancy
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Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
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Tumour of the adrenal medulla (adults)
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Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
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Tumour of the adrenal medulla (kids)
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Neuroblastoma (malignant)
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Type of Hodgkin's
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Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
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Type of non-Hodgkin's
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Diffuse large cell
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UTI
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E. coli, Staph saprophyticus (young women)
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Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
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HSV
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Vitamin deficiency (US)
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Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects
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Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly
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Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)
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Achilles tendon xanthoma
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Familial hypercholesterolemia (high LDL)
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Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningoccemia)
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Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints
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Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin defect)
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Athlete with polycythemia
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EPO injection
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Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss
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Pott's disease (vertebral tuberculosis)
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Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
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Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)
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Blue sclera
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Osteogenesis imperfecta (type I collagen)
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Bluish line on gingiva
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Burton's line (lead poisoning)
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Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis
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Paget's disease of bone (increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic function
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Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing
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Aortic regurgitation
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Cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma)
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Neurofibromatosis type 1 (+pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas)
Neurofibromatosis type II (+bilateral acoustic neuromas) |
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Cafe-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty
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McCune Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation)
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Calf pseudohypertrophy
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Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne)
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Cherry red spot on macula
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Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation), central retinal artery occlusion
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Chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI
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Dressler's syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 weeks after acute episode)
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Child uses arms to stand up from squat
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Gower's sign (Duchenne muscular dystrophy: X-linked recessive deleted dystrophin gene)
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Child with fever develops red rash on face that spreads to body
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"slapped cheeks" (erythema infectiosum/fifth disease: parvovirus B19)
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Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration
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Huntington's disease (autosomal-dominant CAG repeats)
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Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps
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McArdle's disease (muscle phosphorylase deficiency)
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Cold intolerance
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Hypothyroidism
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Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia
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Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; bilateral [MS], unilateral [stroke])
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Continuous 'machinery' heart murmur
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PDA (close with indomethacin, open with misoprostol)
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Cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition
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Myxedema (hypothyroidism, Graves' disease)
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Dark purple skin/mouth nodules
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Kaposi sarcoma (usually AIDS patients [gay men]: associated with HHV-8)
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Deep, laboured breathing/hyperventilation
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Kussmaul breathing (DKA)
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Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
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Pellagra (niacin [vitamin B3] deficiency)
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Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy
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Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)
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Dog or cat bite resulting in infection
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Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)
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Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
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Sjogren's syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)
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Dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia
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Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal SCC)
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Elastic skin, hypermobility of joints
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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (collagen defect - usually type III)
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Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node
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Virchow's node (abdominal metastasis)
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Erythroderma (exfoliative dermatitis - erythema and scaling), lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells
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Sezary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphonma) or mycosis fungoides
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Facial muscle spasm upon tapping
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Chvostek's sign (hypocalcemia)
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Fat, female, forty, and fertile
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Cholelithiasis
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Fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis
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Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release)
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Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash
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Measles (Morbillivirus)
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Fever, night sweats, weight loss
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B symptoms (lymphoma, TB)
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Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis
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Peyronie's disease (connective tissue disorder)
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Gout, mental retardation, self-mutilating behaviour in a boy
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive)
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Green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea
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Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson's disease)
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Hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands
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Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (genetic benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction; increased cancer risk)
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Hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic symptomsq
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Gaucher's disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
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Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts
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Alport's syndrome (type IV collagen mutation)
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Hypercoagualability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis
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Trousseau's sign of malignancy (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)
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Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)
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Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis
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Conn's syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
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Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia
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'Blue bloater' (chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells)
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Indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
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Nonpainful: chancre (primary syphilis, Treponema pallidum)
Painful with exudate: chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi) |
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Infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, neurodegeneration
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Niemann-Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)
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Infant with failure to thrive, hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia
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Cori's disease (debranching enzyme deficiency)
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Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect
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Edward's syndrome (trisomy 18)
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Jaundice, RUQ pain, fever
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Charcot's triad 2 (ascending cholangitis)
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Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy
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SCC
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Large rash with bull's eye appearance
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Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme disease)
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Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury
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Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)
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Male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells
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Bruton's disease (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)
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Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa on platelets
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Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa)
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Multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumours, impacted/supernumerary teeth
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Gardner's syndrome (subtype of FAP)
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Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
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Wegener's (c-ANCA positive) and Goodpasture's syndromes (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
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Neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth
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Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus injury: 'waiter's tip')
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No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance
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Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)
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Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech
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Charcot's triad 1 (for MS)
Also characteristic for bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia |
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Oscillating slow/fast breathing
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Cheyne-Stokes respiration (central apnea in CHF or increased intracranial pressure)
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Painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia
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Cold agglutin disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis)
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Painful, pale, cold fingers/toes
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Raynaud's syndrome (vasospasm in extremities)
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Painful, raised red lesions on palms and soles
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Osler's node (infective endocarditis)
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Painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles
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Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis)
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Painless jaundice
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Cancer of pancreatic head obstructing bile duct
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Palpable purpura, joint pain, abdominal pain (child)
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Henoch-Schonlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)
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Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation
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'Pink puffer' (emphysema: centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency])
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Red current stool
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Interssusception
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Rusty coloured sputum
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Strep pneumonia
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Polyuria, acidosis, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances
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Fanconi's syndrome (PCT defect)
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Positive anterior 'drawer sign'
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Anterior cruciate ligament injury
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Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
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Horner's syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)
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Pupil accommodates but doesn't react
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Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis)
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Rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends (following GI/upper respiratory infection
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Guillain-Barre syndrome (autoimmune acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy)
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Rash on palms and soles
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Secondary syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, coxsackie A virus (hand-foot disease)
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Recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE
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Job's syndrome (hyper-IgE syndrome: neutrophil chemotaxis abnormal)
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Red 'current jelly' sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola
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Paget's disease of the breast (represents underlying neoplasm)
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Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobulinuria
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Renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma
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von Hippel-Lindau disease (dominant tumour suppressor gene mutation)
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Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability
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Parkinson's disease (nigrostriatal DA depletion)
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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (juvenile form: cardiomegaly), exercise intolerance
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Pompe's disease (lysosomal glucosidase deficiency)
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Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
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Roth's spots (bacterial endocarditis)
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Severe jaundice in neonate
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Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
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Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
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McBurney's sign (appendicitis)
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Short stature, increased incidence of tumours/leukemia, aplastic anemia
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Fanconi's anemia (genetically inherited; often progresses to AML)
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Single palm crease
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Simian crease (Down syndrome)
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Situs invertus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility
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Kartagener's syndrome (dynein defect affecting cilia)
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Skin hyperpigmentation
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Addison's disease (primary adrenocortical insufficiency of autoimmune or infectious etiology)
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Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys
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Becker's muscular dystrophy (X-linked, defective dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne's)
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Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers
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Koplik spots (measles)
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Smooth, flat, moist white lesions on genitals
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Condylomata lata (secondary syphilis)
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Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
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Bacterial endocarditis
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'Strawberry tongue'
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Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome
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Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease (coarctation of the aorta), horseshoe kidney
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Turner syndrome (XO, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema)
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Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi
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Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia)
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Swollen gums, mucous bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin
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Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency: can't hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)
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Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
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Osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP [Bouchard's nodes], DIP [Heberden's nodes])
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Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)
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Aortic valve stenosis
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Thyroid and parathyroid tumours, pheochromocytoma
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Sipple's syndrome (MEN 2A)
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Toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape
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UMN lesion (Babinski's sign)
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Unilateral facial drooping involving forehead
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Bell's palsy (LMN CN VII palsy).
Bilateral - Lyme disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome |
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Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male
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Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27)
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Vascular birthmark (port-wine stain)
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Hemangioma (benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome)
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Vasculitis from exposure to endotoxin causing glomerular thrombosis
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Shwartzman reaction (following second exposure to endotoxin)
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Vomiting blood following esophagogastric lacerations
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Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic patients)
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'Waxy' casts with very low urine flow
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Chronic end-stage renal disease
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WBC casts in urine
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Acute pyelonephritis
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Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy
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Whipple's disease (Tropheryma whippelii)
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'Worst headache of my life'
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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t (11; 22)
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Ewing sarcoma
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Anticentromere antibodies
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Scleroderma (CREST)
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Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies
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Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
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Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
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Goodpasture's syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
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Antihistone antibodies
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Drug-induced SLE (sulpha drugs, hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)
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Anti-IgG antibodies
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Rheumatoid arthritis (rheumatoid factor)
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Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
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Primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
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Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
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Vasculitis (c-ANCA: Wegener's; p-ANCA: microscopic polyangitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Pauci immune crescentic glomerulonephritis)
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Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)
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SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
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Antiplatelet antibodies
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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (bleeding diathesis)
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Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
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Diffuse systemic scleroderma
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Anti-transglutaminase/antigliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
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Celiac disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)
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Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts
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Auer rods (AML - especially the promyelocytic type)
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"Bamboo spin" on xray
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Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis; HLA-B27)
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Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
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Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
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Basophilic stippling of RBCs
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Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anaemia
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Bloody tap on LP
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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"Boot-shaped" heart on xray
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Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH
|
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Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
|
Actinomyces israelii
|
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Bronchogenic apical lung tumour
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Pancoast's tumour (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner's syndrome)
|
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"Brown" tumour of bone
|
Hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown colour of osteolytic cysts due to:
1. hyperparathyroidism 2. osteitis fibrosa cystica |
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Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
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Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
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Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule
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Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
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"Chocolate cyst" on ovary
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Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
|
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Circular grouping of dark tumour cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
|
Homer Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)
|
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Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs
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Cystic fibrosis (CFTR mutation in Caucasians resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
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Degeneration of dorsal column nerves
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Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)
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Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
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Parkinson's disease
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Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
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Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
|
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Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
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Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumour of ovary)
|
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Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia
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Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)
|
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Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
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"Owl's-eye" appearance of CMV`
|
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Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
|
"Orphan Annie" eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of thyroid
|
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Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cells
|
Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)
|
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Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
|
Lewy body (Parkinson's disease)
|
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Eosinophilic globule in liver
|
Councilman body (viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)
|
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Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells
|
Rabies virus (Lyssavirus)
|
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Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
|
Senile plaques (Alzheimer's disease)
|
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Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owl's eye")
|
Reed-Sterberg cells (Hodgkin's lymphoma)
|
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Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
|
Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumour)
|
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"Hair-on-end" (crew cut) appearance on xray
|
B-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis)
|
|
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hCG elevated
|
Choriocarcinoma, hydatiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
|
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Heart nodules (inflammatory)
|
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
|
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Heterophile antibodies
|
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
|
|
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Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
|
Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)
|
|
|
High level of D-dimers
|
DVT, PE, DIC, Budd-Chiari syndrome
|
|
|
Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
|
Ghon focus (primary TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)
|
|
|
"Honeycomb lung" on xray
|
Interstitial fibrosis
|
|
|
Hypersegmented neutrophils
|
Megaloblastic anemia (B12, folate deficiency)
|
|
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Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
|
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)
|
|
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Increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
|
Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
|
|
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Increased uric acid levels
|
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumour lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
|
|
|
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
|
Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)
|
|
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Iron containing nodules in alveolar septum
|
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)
|
|
|
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency
|
Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
|
|
|
Low serum ceruloplasmin
|
Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
|
|
|
"Lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
|
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
Lytic ("hole punched") bone lesions on xray
|
Multiple myeloma
|
|
|
Mammary gland ("blue domed") cyst
|
Fibrocystic change of the breast
|
|
|
Monoclonal antibody spike
|
1. Multiple myeloma (called M protein; usually IgG or IgA)
2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging) 3. Waldenstrom's (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia 4. Primary amyloidosis |
|
|
Monoclonal globulin protein in blood/urine
|
Bence Jones proteins (multiple myeloma [kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine]), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (IgM)
|
|
|
Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
|
Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)
|
|
|
Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph
|
"String sign" (Crohn's disease)
|
|
|
Needle-shaped, negatively bifringent crystals
|
Gout (hyperuricemia)
|
|
|
Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
|
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
|
|
|
"Nutmeg" appearance of liver
|
Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure
|
|
|
"Onion-skin" periosteal reaction
|
Ewing sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumour)
|
|
|
Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area
|
Codman's triangle on xray (osteosarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)
|
|
|
Podocyte fusion on EM
|
Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
|
|
|
Polished "ivory-like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion
|
Eburnation (OA resulting in bony sclerosis)
|
|
|
Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau
|
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's disease and CJD)
|
|
|
Pseuodopalisading tumour cells on brain biopsy
|
Glioblastoma multiforme
|
|
|
RBC casts in urine
|
Acute glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
Rectangular, crystal-like cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
|
Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumour)
|
|
|
Renal epithelial casts in urine
|
Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
|
|
|
Rhomboid crystals, positively bifringent
|
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)
|
|
|
Rib notching
|
Coartctation of the aorta
|
|
|
Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells ('starry sky' appearance on histology)
|
Burkitt's lymphoma (t[8; 14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV)
|
|
|
Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
|
Pick bodies (Pick's disease: progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer's)
|
|
|
"Soap bubble" in femur or tibia on xray
|
Giant cell tumour of bone (generally benign)
|
|
|
"Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" endothelial deposits
|
Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)
|
|
|
Stacks of red blood cells
|
Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)
|
|
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells
|
"Clue cells" (Gardnerella vaginalis)
|
|
|
"Tennis-racket"-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
|
Birbeck granules (histocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)
|
|
|
Thrombi made with white/red layers
|
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
|
|
"Thumb sign" on lateral xray
|
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenza)
|
|
|
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
|
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
|
|
|
"Tram-track" appearance on LM
|
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
|
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
|
|
|
WBCs that look 'smudged'
|
CLL (almost always B cell; affects elderly)
|
|
|
"Wire loop" glomerular appearance on LM
|
Lupus nephropathy
|
|
|
Yellow CSF
|
Xanthochromia (subarachnoid hemorrhage)
|
