Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
237 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Mobitz I
|
Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block.
Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol. |
|
|
Mobitz II
|
BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.
|
|
|
P wave
|
Atrial depol.
|
|
|
a wave
|
LA contraction
|
|
|
T wave
|
Vetricular repol.
|
|
|
Wavy fibers
|
Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.
|
|
|
Janeway’s lesions
|
Acute bacterial endocarditis.
Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles. |
|
|
Osler’s nodes
|
Subacute bacterial endocarditis.
Tender lesions of fingers & toes. |
|
|
Thiamine defcy
|
Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption
Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss |
|
|
Fibrinous Pericarditis
|
Associated w/ MI: Dressler’s
|
|
|
Serous Pericarditis
|
Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.
|
|
|
Friction Rub
|
Pericarditis association
|
|
|
Hemorrhagic Pericarditis
|
Associated w/ TB or neoplasm
|
|
|
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
|
Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart
Due to amyloidosis in the elderly Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa). |
|
|
PML’s infectious agent
|
JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)
|
|
|
Edema
|
Pc (more seeps out)
Decreased πc (less reabsorbed) Increased permeability Block lymphatic drainage |
|
|
Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
|
Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present.
3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis |
|
|
Malignant HTN & Kidneys
|
Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men
|
|
|
Nephritic signs
|
Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN
|
|
|
Nephrotic signs
|
Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema
|
|
|
Podocyte Effacement seen w/
|
Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease
|
|
|
ASO seen in
|
Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to bHGASrtep)
Anti streptolysin O |
|
|
Crescentic GN
|
Rapidly progressive GN – nephritic syndrome
Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis |
|
|
Hereditary Nephritis
|
Alport’s syndrome. X linked
Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities |
|
|
Membranoproliferative GN
|
Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL
See tram tracking |
|
|
TypeI Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
|
C3 & IgG deposits
|
|
|
TypeII Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
|
Only C3 deposits
|
|
|
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis deposits
|
IgM & C3 deposits
|
|
|
Cold agglutinins
|
Seen in atypical pneumonia
It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs |
|
|
Scrofula
|
TB in the lymph nodes
|
|
|
Aspirin-Asthma Triad
|
Nasal polyps – Rhinitis – bronchoconstriction
|
|
|
Ferruginous bodies
|
Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised
|
|
|
Pancoast’s tumor causes
|
Ulnar nerve pain & Horner’s syndrome
|
|
|
Fatty degeneration
|
Made up primarily of triglycerides
Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis Associated w/ CCl4- |
|
|
Cloudy swelling
|
Failure of cellular Na pump
Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver |
|
|
Hydropic degeneration
|
Severe form of cloudy swelling
|
|
|
Liquefaction necrosis
|
Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids
Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation |
|
|
Coagulation necrosis
|
Result of sudden ischemia
Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen |
|
|
Caseation necrosis
|
Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis
Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection |
|
|
Fibrinoid necrosis
|
Seen in the walls of small arteries
Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis |
|
|
Fat necrosis
|
Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes
Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results |
|
|
Hemoptysis
|
Blood in sputum
|
|
|
Pulmonary embolism
|
Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein
|
|
|
Phlebothrombosis
|
From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt,
As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to d blood coagulability |
|
|
Saddle embolus
|
Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks
Significantly increased RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale |
|
|
Paradoxical embolism
|
Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter arterial circulation
Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect |
|
|
Tuberculoid granuloma
|
Collection of macrophages w/o caseation
Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis and Leprotic infections |
|
|
Cellulitis
|
Spreading infection due to streptococcus
|
|
|
PSA
|
Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA
|
|
|
5-HT
|
In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist)
|
|
|
aFeto Protein
|
Hepatocarcinoma
Neural tube defects |
|
|
CEA
|
Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA
|
|
|
Chromosome 13
|
Retinoblastoma
|
|
|
Chromosome 11p
|
Wilms tumor of the kidney
|
|
|
Vinyl Chloride
|
Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver
|
|
|
Agent Orange
|
Contains digoxin
Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin;s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas |
|
|
Parasites & CA
|
Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA
S. mansoni = Colon CA Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen |
|
|
Ochronosis
|
Alkaptonuria
Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine) Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker spine See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage |
|
|
Lead poisoning
|
Acid fast inclusion bodies
Increased urinary coproprophyrin Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic Stippling of the basophils Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray Mental retardation |
|
|
Heroin OD, clinically
|
Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the nostrils
|
|
|
Fetal alcohol syndrome
|
Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutism
|
|
|
Atypical mycobacterium
|
M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare
|
|
|
Cold abscesses
|
Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but lacking acute inflammation
|
|
|
Actinomyces isrealli
|
Farmers infection
Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus |
|
|
Congenital Syphilis
|
Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinson’s teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis
|
|
|
Warthin-Finkeledy cells
|
Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen
Seen with Rubeola (measles) due to paramyxovirus |
|
|
Diphyllobothrium latum
|
Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by consuming large amount of vit B12 in the host
|
|
|
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
|
a Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem
|
|
|
Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
|
Staph aureus, b Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli
Common among drug addicts & diabetics |
|
|
Mitral Insufficiency
|
Ruptured papillary muscle
|
|
|
Left Anterior Descending branch
|
Branch of the Left Coronary artery
Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of interventricular septum |
|
|
Left Circumflex branch
|
Branch of the Left Coronary artery
Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV |
|
|
Dissecting Aneurysm
|
False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta
Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic disease, Marfan’s Collagen disease Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim |
|
|
Cor Pulmonale
|
Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy
|
|
|
Acute Cor Pulmonale
|
Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism
|
|
|
Bronchopneumonia
|
Lobular (rather than lobar)
Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E. coli Abscess formation is common |
|
|
Lobar pneumonia
|
Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella)
Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis media |
|
|
Bronchiectasis
|
Permanent dilatation of the bronchi – predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip
Supparation associated Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement |
|
|
Cold Agglutinins
|
Found w/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
|
|
Panlobular Emphysema
|
a1 – antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase = compliance in the lung
|
|
|
Bulla
|
Associated w/ Emphysema = “Bleb” = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax
|
|
|
Farmer’s Lung
|
Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)
|
|
|
Bagassosis
|
Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes)
Inhalation of sugar cane dust |
|
|
Silo-Filler’s Lung
|
Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn
|
|
|
G6PDH Deficiency
|
Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans
Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs |
|
|
HbF
|
Sickle Cell Anemia
|
|
|
Multiple Myeloma
|
Lytic lesions of flat bones (“salt & pepper lesions”) = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-Jones protein casts
|
|
|
Hodgkin’s Disease
|
Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection
Reed Sternberg cells |
|
|
Polyarteritis Nodosa
|
Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall
Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag Can see fever; abd.pain; ¯ wt; HTN; muscle aches |
|
|
Sprue
|
Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted
High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & IgA levels |
|
|
Regional Enteritis
|
Crohn’s Disease
Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum |
|
|
Whipple’s Disease
|
Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome
|
|
|
Kulchitsky cells
|
Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas
|
|
|
Ulcerative Colitis
|
Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ colon CA incidence
Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep Not transmural involvement |
|
|
Vaginal Adenosis
|
Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy
Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix |
|
|
Scirrhous Carcinoma
|
Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis – most common type of breast carcinoma
|
|
|
Hofbauer Cells
|
Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
|
|
|
Retinopathy of Prematurity
|
Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations
|
|
|
IgA deficiency
|
Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune diseases
If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction |
|
|
Priamry Sjorgen’s
|
Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease.
|
|
|
Secondary Sjorgen’s
|
Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association
RA association shows HLA-DR4 |
|
|
LDH1 & LDH2
|
Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction
|
|
|
LDH3
|
Lung tissue
|
|
|
LDH4 & LDH5
|
Liver cells
|
|
|
Keratomalacia
|
Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitot’s spots in the eyes = gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET
|
|
|
Metabisfite Test
|
Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution
Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2 |
|
|
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
|
Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
See Helmet cells |
|
|
Wright’s stain
|
Stain for Burkitt’s lymphoma
|
|
|
Mononucleosis
|
Due to EBV infeciton
If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur. |
|
|
T(8;14)
|
Burkitt’s lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression
|
|
|
T(9;22)
|
CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation
|
|
|
Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis
|
Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma
Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape |
|
|
Myeloid Metaplasia
|
Alkaline phosphatase /normal compare to CML = low to absent
Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis |
|
|
Multiple Myeloma
|
Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; proliferation of plasma cells in BM = plasma cell dx
Serum M protein spike – most often of IgG or IgA Hypercalcemia ( bone destruction) |
|
|
T(14;18)
|
NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicualr) Lymphoma
|
|
|
Focal Segmental GN exs
|
IgA Focal GN = Berger’s disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)
|
|
|
Nephrotic Syndrome exs
|
Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B; Syphilis; Penicillamine
|
|
|
Schistosoma Haematobium
|
Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the Bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional cell type)
Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction |
|
|
Penicillin Resistant PID
|
PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides species
|
|
|
Duret Hemorrhages
|
Severe in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain
Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas |
|
|
Hypertensive Hemorrhage
|
Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhages
|
|
|
Cerebral Embolism from
|
MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; Paradoxical Embolism of septal defect
|
|
|
Neurosyphilis
|
Tabes Dorsalis = ¯ joint position sensation, ¯ pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils
Syphilitic meningitis Paretic neurosyphilis |
|
|
5p-
|
Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat-like cry
|
|
|
Trisomy 13
|
Patau’s: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers
|
|
|
Acute Cold Agglutinaiton
|
Abs to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM Abs
Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections |
|
|
Chronic Cold Agglutinaiton
|
Associated w/lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM Abs
|
|
|
RBC Osmotic Fragility
|
Hereditary Spherocytosis
|
|
|
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
|
Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. Related to CLL.
Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene Large Cell Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL Small Non Cleaved = Burkitt’s: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo appearance. T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL |
|
|
Singer’s Nodules
|
Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice
|
|
|
Paraseptal emphysema
|
Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax
|
|
|
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
|
Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis.
|
|
|
Betel nuts
|
Associated to oral cancer.
|
|
|
Fundal (Type A) Gastritis
|
Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune diseases
|
|
|
Antral (Type B) Gastritis
|
Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer
|
|
|
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
|
Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondrial Abs
Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas) |
|
|
Acute Pancreatitis
|
pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; serum amylase
Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back |
|
|
Radiating Back Pain
|
Chronic pancreatitis
|
|
|
Complete Hydatidiform Mole
|
No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX
|
|
|
Partial Hydatidiform Mole
|
Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs
|
|
|
Cold Nodules
|
Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine. [Opposite: hot & do take up iodine]
|
|
|
Acidophils
|
Mammotrophs = Prolactin
Somatotrophs = GH |
|
|
Basophils
|
Thyrotrophs = TSH
Gonadotrophs = LH Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH |
|
|
Lacunar Strokes
|
Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory.
Sensory: lesion of thalamus Motor: lesion of internal capsule |
|
|
CSF of Bacterial Meningitis
|
¯ Glucose; Protein; Neutrophils; Pressure
|
|
|
CSF of Viral Meningitis
|
Normal Glucose; +/- Protein; Lymphocytes
|
|
|
Marble Bone Disease
|
Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of d bone density, many fractures = ¯ osteoclasts
|
|
|
C5a
|
Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)
|
|
|
C3b
|
Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)
|
|
|
Anaphylotoxins
|
C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells)
|
|
|
Vasoactive Mediators
|
Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF
Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2a; Bradykinin; PAF d Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2a; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF |
|
|
Platelet Aggregation
|
ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF
|
|
|
Platelet Antagonist
|
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
|
|
|
Intrinsic Pathway
|
F XII (Hagman): APTT
|
|
|
Extrinsic Pathway
|
F VII: PT
|
|
|
Lines of Zahn
|
Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi)
|
|
|
Currant Jelly appearance
|
Post mortem clots
|
|
|
Emigration: Chemotaxis
|
Margination
Pavementing Adhesion Chemotaxis Phagocytosis Intracellular microbial killing |
|
|
Transudate
|
Specific gravity < 1.012 – low protein
|
|
|
Exudate
|
Specific gravity > 1.020 – high protein
|
|
|
Hurler’s
|
Lysosomal storage disease a L Iduronidase – Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate accumulation
|
|
|
Galactosemia
|
Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase. Galactose 1 Phosphate
|
|
|
Phenylketonuria
|
Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. Phenyalanine & degradation products
Mousy body odor |
|
|
Autosomal Dominant Diseases
|
Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease
Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu) Hereditary Spherocytosis Huntington’s Disease (chromosome 4p) Marfan’s Syndrome Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s) Tuberous Sclerosis Von Hippel Lindau Disease |
|
|
Autosomal Recessive Diseases
|
Tay-Sachs
Gaucher’s Niemann-Pick Hurler’s Von Gierke’s Pompe’s Cori’s McArdle’s Galactosemia PKU Alkaptonuria |
|
|
X Linked Recessive Diseases
|
Hunter’s Syndrome (L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy, Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate)
Fabry’s Disease (a Galactosidase A deficiency, Ceremide Trihexoside) Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X chromosome is bad, Ceremide Trihexoside) Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, Uric acid) G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, Ceremide trihexoside) Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficinecy, Ceremide Trihexoside) |
|
|
Hypersensitivity Reactions
|
Type I (Anaphylactic): IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever; Allergic asthma; Hives
Type II (Cytotoxic): Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions; Erythroblastosis Fetalis; Grave’s Disease; Goodpastures Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs: Serum sickness; Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune Complex Mediated Glomerular Disease Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity): Delayed hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells. Exs: Tuberculin reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally infected cell killing |
|
|
Transplant Rejections
|
Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of transplant. Ab mediated.
Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy. Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage. |
|
|
Blood Metastasis
|
Sarcoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
|
|
|
Lymph Metastasis
|
Carcinoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
|
|
|
Aflatoxin
|
Seen w/ Aspergillus. risk for Hepatocellular CA
|
|
|
Cleft Lip
|
Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence
|
|
|
Cleft Palate
|
Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other & median nasal prominence & medial palatine prominence
|
|
|
Craniopharyngioma
|
416. Pituitary tumor - usually calcified
|
|
|
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
|
Inolved in Vision relay
|
|
|
Medial Geniculate Body
|
Involved in Hearing relay
|
|
|
Lung Development
|
Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks
Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth Alveolar period birth-8yoa |
|
|
Heart’s 1st Beat
|
21-22 days
|
|
|
Foregut
|
Mouth à Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery
|
|
|
Midgut
|
Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct à Splenic flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior Mesenteric artery
|
|
|
Hindgut
|
Splenic Flexure à Butt crack à supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery
|
|
|
Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons
|
Narcolepsy
|
|
|
Type I Error
|
a: “Convicting the innocent” – accepting experimental hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis
|
|
|
Subdural Hematoma
|
Ruptured cerebral bridging veins
|
|
|
Epidural Hematoma
|
Ruptured middle meningeal artery “intervals of lucidness”, 2ry to Temporal bone fracture
|
|
|
Type II Error
|
b: “Setting the guilty free” – fail to reject the null hypotesis when it was false
|
|
|
Power
|
1 - b
|
|
|
Sensitivity
|
TP/TP + FN
|
|
|
Specificity
|
TN/TN + FP
|
|
|
Positive Predictive Value
|
TP/TP + FP
|
|
|
Negative Predictive Value
|
TN/TN + FN
|
|
|
Odds Ratio
|
ad/bc
|
|
|
d-Dimers
|
DIC
|
|
|
Delusion
|
Disorder of thought content
|
|
|
Loose Association
|
Skip from topic to topic
|
|
|
5 Stages of Death
|
Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression – Acceptance
|
|
|
1st Branchial Arch
|
Meckel’s cartillage – gives rise to incus/malleus bones of ear
|
|
|
2nd Branchial Arch
|
Reichert’s cartillage – gives rise to stapes bone of ear
|
|
|
Median nerve lesion
|
No pronation
|
|
|
Radial nerve lesion
|
Wrist drop – seen w/ humerus fracture
|
|
|
Common peroneal lesion
|
Foot drop. No dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot
|
|
|
Diract inguinal hernia
|
Goes through superficial inguinal ring.
Medial to inferior epigastric artery Seen in older men |
|
|
Indirect inguinal hernia
|
Goes through deep & superficial inguinal ring
Lateral to inferior epigastric artery Seen in young boys – processus vaginalis did not close |
|
|
@ Diaphragm T8, T10, T12
|
T8 = Inferior vena cava
T10 = Esophagus/ Vagus T12 = Aorta/ Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein |
|
|
Hemiballism
|
Wild flailing of 1 arm. Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus
|
|
|
O Linked Oligosaccharide
|
In the Golgi
|
|
|
N Linked Oligosaccharide
|
In the RER
|
|
|
MLF Syndrome
|
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye.
Seen w/ MS |
|
|
ADA Deficiency
|
SCID
|
|
|
Raphe Nucleus
|
Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance
|
|
|
b waves
|
Alert; Awake; Active mind – also seen in REM, therefore we say “paradoxical sleep”
|
|
|
Irreversible Glycolysis Enzymes
|
Hexokinase
PhosphoFructo Kinase = Rate Limiting Step Pyruvate Kinase Pyruvate Dehydrogenase |
|
|
Irreversible Gluconeogenesis Enzymes
|
PyruvateCarboxy Kinase
PEPCarboxyKinase Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase Glucose 6 Phosphatase **muscle dose not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only takes place in the liver, kidney & GI epithelium |
|
|
Pellagra
|
Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia
Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency) Hartnup’s Disease Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome INH use |
|
|
TLCFN
|
Needed as co-factor for Pyruvate DH complex & a Ketoglutarate DH complex
|
|
|
LCAT or PCAT
|
Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase
Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase |
|
|
HMGCoA Reductase
|
Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis
Changes HMGCoA à Mevalonate (-) by Lovastatin |
|
|
Ketogenic amino acids
|
Leucine & Lysine
|
|
|
Glucogenic amino acids
|
Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine
|
|
|
Keto & Gluco amino acids
|
Phenylalanine, Trytophan, Isoleucine
|
|
|
Carnitine Shuttle
|
Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption
|
|
|
Cori Cycle
|
Keeps muscles working anaerobically.
Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is sent back into the muscles for energy use |
|
|
(-) Na+ Pump (ATPase)
|
Ouabain [(-) K+ pump]
Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation] Digoxin [ heart contractility] |
|
|
TCA Cycle Products
|
“Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation”
Citrate à Aconitate à Isocitrate à a Ketoglutarate à Succinyl à Succinate à Fumarate à Malate àOAA |
|
|
Cones
|
Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific pigment. For acuity.
|
|
|
Rods
|
Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity. Concentrated in the fovea. Night vision.
|
|
|
Gastrula
|
Seen @ 3rd week: Ecto, Meso & Endo
|
|
|
Epiblast
|
@ 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso & Endo come from. Directly gives rise to Ecto.
|
|
|
Sydenham’s Chorea
|
Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the caudate, putamen, thalamus
|
|
|
(+) Frei Test
|
Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum
|
|
|
Sabouraud’s Agar
|
Culture for all Fungi ie…Culture Cryptococcus neofromans which is found in pigeon droppings
|
|
|
FMR1 Gene Defect
|
Fragile X Syndrome: macro-orchidism; long face; large jaw; large everted ears; autism, mental retardation
|
|
|
Barr Body
|
Present in Kleinfelters: Male: XXY
Not present in Turner’s: Female: XO |
|
|
Aortic Insufficiency Signs
|
Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over the femoral vessels
Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over coratid artery = aortic regurgitation |
|
|
Scleroderma :”CREST”
|
Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl; Telangiectasis
|
|
|
Cretinism
|
Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental failure of thyroid formation
Endemic: no Iodine in diet: protruding belly & belly button |
|
|
Hemochromatosis Triad
|
Micronodular pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin pigmentation = due to Fe3+ deposition
|
