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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Reversible changes during cell injury
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Cellular swelling
Nuclear chromatin clumping Dec ATP Synthesis Ribosomal detachment Glycogen depletion Fatty change |
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Irreversible changes during cell injury
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Plasma membrane damage
Lysosomal rupture Ca2+ influx --> oxidative phosphorylation Nuclear pyknosis (chromatin condensation) Karyolysis (nuclear fragmentation) Karyorrhexis (DNA fragmentation) Mitochondrial permeability |
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Transudate
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Hypocelleular
Protein poor Specific gravity < 1.012 Due to: - Inc hydrostatic or oncotic pressure - Na retention |
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Exudate
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Cellular
Protein rish Specific gravity > 1.020 Due to - lymphatic obstruction or inflammation |
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Protein in primary amyloidosis...
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AL, derived from Ig light chains
seen in multiple myeloma |
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Protein in secondary amyloidosis
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AA, derived from serum amyloid-associated SAA protein
Seen in chronic inflammatory disease |
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Protein in Senile cardiac amyloidosis
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Transtheritin, derived from AF
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Protein in DM type 2 amyloidosis
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Amylin, derived from AE
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Protein in Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid amyloidosis
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A-CAL, derived from calcitonin
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Protein in Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis
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Amyloid precursor protein, derived from beta-amyloid
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Protein found in dialysis-associated amyloidosis
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beta2-microglobulin, derived from MHC class I proteins
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Malignancy associated with Down's syndrome
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ALL
AML |
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Malignancy associated with xeroderma pigmentosum, albinisum
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Melanoma
basal cell carcinoma esp squamous cell carcinomas of skin |
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Malignancy associated with chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants
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Gastric adenocarcinoma
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Malignancy associated with tuberous sclerosis
(facial angiofibroma, seizures, mental retardation) |
Astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma and cardiac rhabdomoma
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Malignancy associated with actinic keratosis
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Squamous cell carcinoma of skin
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Malignancy associated with Barrett's esophagus
(chronic GI reflux) |
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
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Malignancy associated with Plummer- Vinson syndrome
(atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia; all due to iron deficiency) |
Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
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Malignancy associated with cirrhosis
(alcoholic, hepatitis B or C) |
Hepatocellular carcinoma
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Malignancy associated with ulcerative colitis
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Colonic adenocarcinoma
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Malignancy associated with Immunodeficiency states
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Malignant lymphomas
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Malignancy associated with AIDS
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Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's) and Kaposi's sarcoma
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Malignancy associated with autoimmune disease
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Benign and malignat lymphomas
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Malignancy associated with acanthosis nigricans
(hyperpigmentation and epidermal thickening) |
Visceral malignancy
(stomach, lung, breast, uterus |
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Malignancy associated with dysplastic nevus
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Malignant melanoma
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Malignancy associated with radiation exposure
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Sarcoma
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L-myc oncogene assoc with...
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Lung tumor
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N-myc oncogene assoc with...
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Neuroblastoma
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ret oncogene assoc with
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MEN types II and III
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c-kit oncongene assoc with
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Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
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Tumor
Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma |
Gene
Rb |
Chromosome
13q |
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Tumor
Breast and ovarian cancer |
Gene
BRCA1 |
Chromosome
17q |
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Tumor
Breast cancer |
Gene
BRCA2 |
Chromosome
13q |
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Tumor
Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome |
Gene
p53 |
Chromosome
17p |
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Tumor
Melanoma |
Gene
p16 |
Chromosome
9p |
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Tumor
Colorectal Cancer |
Gene
APC |
Chromosome
5q |
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Tumor
Wilm's tumor |
Gene
WT1 |
Chromosome
11p |
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Tumor
Neurofibromatosis type 1 |
Gene
NF1 |
Chromosome
17q |
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Tumor
Neurofibromatosis type 2 |
Gene
NF2 |
Chromosome
22q |
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Tumor
Pancreatic cancer |
Gene
DPC |
Chromosome
18q |
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Tumor
Colon Cancer |
Gene
DCC Deleted in colon cancer |
Chromosome
18q |
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CEA tumor marker is for what?
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Carcinoembryonic antigen.
Very nonspecific but produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also produced by gastric and breast carcinomas |
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alpha-fetoprotein
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Normally made by fetus.
Found in hepatocellular carcinomas. Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis (yolk sac tumor) |
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S-100 tumor marker
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Malanoma
Neural tumors Astrocytomas |
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Alkaline phosphatase tumor marker
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Metastasis to bone,
Obstructive biliary disease Paget's disease of bone |
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Bombesin tumor marker
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Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
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TRAP tumor marker
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Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Hairy cell leukemia - B cell neoplasm |
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CA-19-9
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Tumor marker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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HTLV-1 is associated with what cancer?
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Adult T-cell leukemia
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Vinyl chloride exposure causes what?
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angiosarcoma in the liver
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Aflatoxin exposure causes what?
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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CCl4 toxin causes what?
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Liver - centrilobular necrosis, fatty change
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Nitrosamines in smoked foods causes
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Esophagus, stomach
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Arsenic exposure
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Skin (squamous cell carcinoma)
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Naphthalene, aniline dye exposure
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Bladder - transitional cell carcinoma
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Alkylating agents
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Blood - leukemia
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Paraneoplastic effects of leukemias and lymphomas
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Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (cytotoxic therapy)
Results in gout, urate nephropathy |
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Paraneoplastic effects of Thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma
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Antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at neuromuscular junction.
Results in Lambert-Eaton syndrome |
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Psammoma bodies are present in which cancers?
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Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary Meningioma Malignant mesothelioma |
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Primary tumors that metastasize to the brain
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Lung
Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (renal cell carcinoma) GI Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia |
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Primary tumors that metastasize to the liver
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Colon
Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung (in order of decreasing frequency) Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver |
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Primary tumors that metastasize to bone
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Prostate (blastic)
Thyroid Testes Breast (lytic and blastic) Lung (lytic) Kidney |
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