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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the clinical use for Tamoxifen? Main concern? better choice?
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used for breast cancer and to prevent osteoperosis
concern? increase risk of endometrial carcinoma via partial agonist effects; "hot flashes better choice: Raloxifene (endometrial antag) |
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How can you distinguish a LMN lesion from an UMN lesion?
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LMN: everything lowered (less muscle mass, less muscle tone, less reflexes, downgoing toes)
UMN: everything up (tone DTR, toes) |
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What are the fundamental differences between hexokinase and glucokinase?
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Phosphorylation of glucose to yield G6P serves as 1st step in glycolysis (and in liver)
Hexokinase: ubiquitous. High affinity (low Km), low capacity (Low Vmax), uninduced by insulin Glucokinase: liver and beta cells of pancreas. Low affinity (high Km), high capacity (high Vmax), induced by insulin. NO feedback inhibition |
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What are the possible causes of SIADH? What cancer is known fo causing SIADH?
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causes: Ectopic ADH (small cell lung cancer), CNS disorder/head trauma, pulmonary disease, drugs (eg cyclophosphamide)
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What is the female homologue to the following male body parts?
*corpus spongiosum *Cowper/bulbourethral glands *Prostate gland *glans penis *ventral penile shaft *scrotum |
corpus spongasium: vestibular bulbs
Cowper/bulbourethral: greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) prostate: urtehral and paraurethral glands (of skene) glans penis: glans clitoris ventral penile shaft: labia minora scrotum: labia majora |
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Which two antiviral agents can be used to treat CMV infection?
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Ganciclovir
Foscarnet in Ganciclovir failure or acyclovir-resistan HSV |
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What durgs and endogenous hormones regulate the secretion of gastric acid?
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Gastin and HIsatmain promote acid secretion
Prostaglandins and Somatostatin ihibit gstric secreation Cimetidine- H2R blocker Omeprazole- proton pumb inhibitor |
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What is the Cushing reaction?
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Central chemorecptor response to changes in pH and PCO2. increase intracranial pressure constricts arterioles --> cerebral ischemia--> htn and reflex brady.
Triad: Htn, brady, resp depression |
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What is the goal of antianginal therapy?
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reduction of mycoradial O2 consumption (MVO2) by decreasing 1 or more of the determinants of MVO2: EDV, BP, HR, contractility and ejection time.
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Cause of Horner's Syn? symptoms?
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associated with lesin of spinal cord above T1 (eg, Pancoast Tumor, Brown-Sequard syn (cord hemisection), late stage syringomyelia.
symptoms: Ptosis, anhidrosis of affected side of face, mitosis |
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most common vit def in U.S? disease associated?
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Folic Acid
Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia; no neurologic symptoms. Seen in alcoholism and pregnancy |
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What pt pop is more prone to transposition of great vessels? substance to be given in newborns dx with this.
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seen in offspring of diabetic mothers.
give PGE to keep PDA open to sustain life then tx surgically. |
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Part of the brain responsible for attention/alertness?
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Reticular activatin system (midbrain)
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Anatomic structures found in retroperitoneum.
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Duodenum (2nd, 3rd and 4th parts)
Descending colon Ascending colon Kidney and ureters Pancreas (except tail) Aorta, IVC and adrenal glands and rectum |
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From which arteries do the umbilical arteries arise?
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internal iliac arteries
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Classic presentation of a pt with Takayasus arteritis.
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aka pulseless disease
Arthritis, Night sweats, Myalgia, Skin nodules, Ocular disturbances, weak pulses in upper extremities |
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Exceptions to informed consent.
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Patient lacks decision-making capacity or is illegally incomptentent
Implied consent in emergency therapeutic privilege- witholding information whn disclosuer would severly harm the pt or undermine informed decision-making capacit waiver- pt waives the right of informed consent |
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Portion of renal tubel fits description.
1.impermeable to Na, passively reasorbs water 2.Ca reabsorption influenced by PTH 3.reaborbs majority of glucose and AA 4.Na reabsorption regulated by aldosterone 5.impermeable to water, actively reabosrbs Na, K and Cl 6.reabsorbs majority of bicarb, Na and water 7. water reabsorption regulated by ADH |
1. thin descending loop
2. early distal convoluted tubule 3. early prox tubule 4. collecting tubes 5. thick ascending loop 6. early prox tubule 7. collecting tubules |
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Different stages of sleep. How do they differ from each other.
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Awake eyes open
Awake eyes closed 1. light sleep 2. deeper sleep, burxism 3. deepest, non REM sleep, sleewalking, night terrors, bedwetting REM: dreaming, loss of motor tone, possibly a memory processing function, erections, increase brain O2 use |
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Antibiotics are well known for causing both ototox and nephrotox.
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Vancomycin
Aminoglycosides ( nephro when used with cephalosporins, Ototox when used with loops) |
