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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which serum marker is best measured in MI?
a) first 8 hours b) 8-24 hours c) 2-7 days |
a) troponin
b) CK-MB C) LDH-1 |
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What is pleiotropy?
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A single gene mutation can have various phenotypic outcomes.
E.g. RB gene#: retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma |
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Where in the kidney can you find epithelial cells with a brush border?
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proximal tubule: enhances reabsorption
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Which 2 substances are present in a genotype male in early fetal life?
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TDF: testes differentation factor -> induces testes
MIF: mullerian inhibiting factor -> prevents female internals |
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Which type of disease in newborns presents with:
a) severe hyperammonemia and respiratory alkalosis b) hypoketotic hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia and cardiomyopathy c) hypoglycemia, lactic/ketoacidosis and hepatosplenomegaly d) feeding difficulties, lethargy, seizures, coma, renal/liver disease e) metabolic acidosis with ketosis, elevated lactate, mild hyperammonemia, vomiting, encephalopathy, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia |
a) urea cycle defects
b) # fatty acid oxidation c) # carbohydrate metabolism d) aminoacidopathy e) organic acidemias |
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What is the most common cause of maternal death in preeclampsia?
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cerebral hemorrhage and ARDS
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What is the effect of captopril in a kidney with renal artery stenosis?
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Renal arty stenosis: incr aldosteron and angiotensin II. Latter contstrics efferent arterioles to increase GFR.
Captopril = ACE inhibitor -> less angiotensin II -> decrease GFR |
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What disease do you suspect in woman <50 year, with hypertension, autoimmune diseases and beaded renal artery stenosis?
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FMD: fibromuscular dysplasia
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What does APGAR stand for?
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Appearance
Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration |
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Which muscle group allows you to maintain balance when standing on 1 foot?
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gluteus minimus and medius (sup gluteal nerve)
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Arthus reaction - which type hypersensitivity?
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type III
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Serum sickness - which type hypersensitivity?
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type III
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DTH reaction - which type hypersensitivity?
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type IV
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Contact hypersensitivity - which type hypersensitivity?
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type IV
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reaction to parasites - which type hypersensitivity?
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type II
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M.Gravis - which type hypersensitivity?
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type II = anti-human antibodies (crossreacting, etc)
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Glomerulonephritis - which type hypersensitivity?
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type III = immune complex deposition
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What marker can be measured in:
neuroblastoma, small cell ca, gastric ca, pancreatic ca |
bombesin
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Which tumor marker?
melanoma, astrocytoma, schwannoma |
s-100
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Which tissue contains:
desmin |
striated skeletal muscle
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Which tissue contains:
vimentin |
connective tissue
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which cell components transport intracellular vesicles?
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Kinesin (towards + = membrane)
Dynein (towards -) |
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Which tissue contains:
titin |
muscle: component sarcomere
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Which tissue contains:
cytokeratin |
epithelial cells
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Which tissue contains:
spectrin and ankyrin |
erythrocytes
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what do microvilli contain?
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myosin
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Where can you find clathrin in the cell?
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cytoplasmic side plasma membrane (coated pits-endocytosed vesicles)
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Match:
1) hyper IgM 2) SCID 3) Bruton's agammaglob. 4) bare lymphocyte syndrome a) # tyrosine kinase b) # CD40L c) # adenosine deaminase d) # MHC II receptor e) # il-2 gamma chain receptor |
1 = b
2 = c e 3 = a 4 = d |
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What disease:
delayed separation umbilical cord stump in newbord and infection of the stump (omphalitis)? |
LAD: leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Measure cd18 intergrin subunit by flow cytometry |
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Which poison?
hyperventilation respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis dehydration hypokalemia |
salicylate poisoning
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Which poison?
N, V, abdominal pain, shock, liver failure after 2-6 d |
acetaminophen poisoning
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Which poison?
hypoxia cherry red mucous membranes and lips |
carbon monoxide poisoning
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Which poison?
anemia (with basophilic RBC stippling), neuropathy, abdominal pain |
chronic lead poisoning
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which poison?
cns atrophy gingivitis gastritic renal tubular changes |
chronic mercury poisoning
(acute: renal tubular necrosis and GI necrosis) |
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Which antibiotics are associated with myalgia, arthropathy and leg cramps in pts <18 years
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fluoroquinolones
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Which disease?
Acute bone ischemia lasting up to 2 weeks. Usually following viral illness. Hereditary. Erlenmeyer flask femur. |
Gaucher (crisis)
Glucocerebrosides accumulate in macropahges in bone marrow. |
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What brain tumor is more common in AIDS patients (cd4<40)?
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B-cell lymphoma: multicentric mass in brain and meninges
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Match:
1)genoihyoid 2)stylopharyngeus 3)palatopharyngeus, cricophraungeus, palatoglossus a)pharyngeal plaxus b)c1 via hypoglossal nerve c)CN IX |
1 = b (moves hyoid bone ant to open pharynx)
2 = c (elevates pharynx) 3 = a |
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What is the result of destruction vs stimulation of these parts of the hypothalamus
1) lateral nucleus 2) ventromedial nucleus 3) septal nucleus |
1)starvation vs eating
2)eating vs starvation 3)agressive behavior |
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Orchitis:
1) plasma cells and lymphocytes with endarteritis 2) neutrophils 3) gumma formation 4) granulomas |
1 + 3) syphilis
2) nonspecific or gonorrea 4) TB |
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what causes localized paradoxical movement in the heart?
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MI: muscle there can not contract: bulges outward during systole
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What intestinal disease do you think of when a pts passes fecal material in urine?
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Crohn -> fistulas (involves entire wall)
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What kind of gallstones exist?
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* cholesterol monohydrate (+ little calcium salts) -> radiolucent
* black stones: calcium salts -> radiopaque * brown (pigment) stones: calcium soaps (calcium, palmitate, stearate), unconjugated bili, cholesterol -> ass biliary tract infection (beta-glucuronidase, asia), hemolytic anemia, liver cirrhosis/fluke nb: all stones: mucin glycoproteins |
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What are the 10 essential amino acids?
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"Any Help In Learning these Little Molecules Proves Truly Valuable."
Arginine (urea cycle) Histidine Isoleucine Leucine (ketogenic) Threonine Lycine (ketogenic) Methionine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Valine |
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Which 2 brain areas are involved in vomiting induction?
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4th ventricle (area postrema in floor)
medulla (lat reticular formation) |
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Which drug?
disorientation, reckless behavior, distorsions of body image, detachment nystagmus, hypertension, tachycardia, diaphoresis, motor incoordination, mydriasis |
Phenylcyclidine = PCP = angel dust
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Which drug?
euphoria, nervous, hyperactive, short attention span, insomnia tachycardia, hypertension, sweating |
Amphetamine
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Which drug?
visual distorsions nausea, weakness, parestesias |
Lysergic acid diethylamine = LSD
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Which drug?
Lethargic, somnolent Hypotension,miosis, decreased bowel sounds |
Heroin
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What is the most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
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21-hydroxylase deficiency
increase androgens decrease cortisol, aldosteron (latter in severe cases -> salt waisting) |
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What substances form bilayer vesicles instead,droplets, and micelles in water?
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phospholipids and sphingolipids -> amphipathic -> bilayer
cholesterol esters and triglycerides are hydrophobic -> droplets Long fatty acids -> micelles |
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Where can the median nerve be compressed?
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carpal tunnel and between the 2 heads of the pronator teres muscle near elbow
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What does the thoracic duct drain?
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everything except right arm/chest/head (right lymphatic duct)
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What is the source of
1) AA amyloid 2) AL amyloid |
1) liver (produced in response to cytokines)
2) bone marrow |
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What is heteroplasmy?
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In 1 individual there are normal and mutated mitochondrial DNA molecules
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Which disease?
anti-mitochondrial antibodies |
Primary biliary cirrhosis
(ass with systemic sclerosis, sjogren, RA, thyroiditis, celiac disease, glomerulonephritis) |
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Which disease?
anti-smooth muscle antibodies |
Autoimmune hepatitis
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Which disease?
anti-centromere antibodies |
limited systemic sclerosis, CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia)
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Which disease?
anti-topoisomerase I antibodies |
diffuse systemic sclerosis
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Which disease?
anti-histone antibodies |
Drug induced lupus
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Which disease?
anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies |
MCTD
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Which disease?
anti-platelet gp2a/3b antibodies |
ITP
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Which disease?
anti-type IV collagen antibodies |
Goodpasture
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Which disease?
anti-neutrophil cytoplasma antibodies |
Wegener's granulomatosis (c-anca)
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Which disease?
anti-microsomal antibodies |
hashimoto thyroiditis
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What are secondary effects of Sjogren?
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caries, parotid gland enlargment, recurrent tracheobronchitis
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What is the difference between gout and pseudogout?
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Gout: needle-like crystals, strongly negatively birefringent
Pseudogout: rough cuboidal crystals, weakly pos birefringent (calcium pyrophosphate) |
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What are normal vaginal flora?
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prepubertal/postmenopauzal: staph. epidermidis
child-baring age: lactobacillus, candida, streptococcus |
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What should be checked in a child with increased food intake and weight loss?
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blood glucose -> dm
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Where is the AV node located?
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in the interatrial septum
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How can you distinguish primary from secondary hyperparathyroidism?
nb: both osteitis fibrosa |
secondary: renal failure
decreased phosphate excretion -> hyperphosphatemia -> inhibits 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol -> lower CA, increase PTH, ALSO: vit D deficiency Primary: high PTH, high CA, low phosphate |
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Which disease?
ring like calcifications in media of medium-sized arteries |
Monckeberg arteriolosclerosis
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What changes are found in muscle after short and chronic endurance exercize?
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Short: increase VEGF
Long: increase fibroblastic growth factor and increase mitochondria |
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What is the most common site of obstruction in hydrocephalus?
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aquaduct of sylvius
(Luschka and Magendie are 4th ventricle outlets and less common) |
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What is the Reid index?
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Lung
ratio gland depth: total wall high in chronic bronchitis due to gland hyperplasia (smokers) |
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Which AML? Which genetic#?
>30% blasts >50% promyelocytes and myelocytes some maturation |
M2 myeloblastic with maturation
t(8:22) (q22;q22) |
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Which AML? Which genetic#?
>30% blasts >50% erythroblasts |
M6 erythrocytic
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Which AML? Which genetic#?
>30% blasts majority promyelocytic with kidney shaped nuclei auer rods |
M3 hypergranular promyelocytic
t(15;17) (q22;q11) Cave DIC |
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Which AML? Which genetic#?
>30% blasts >20% promonocytes or monocytes |
M4 myelomonocytic
t(6;9) (p23;q34) Possibly DIC |
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Which AML? Which genetic#?
>30% blasts <10% granulocytes |
M5 monocytic
Possibly DIC |
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Which AML? Which genetic?
>30% blasts No maturation |
M1
t(6;9) (p23;q34) |
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Which AML? Which genetic?
>30% blasts blasts react with antiplatelet antibodies |
M7 = megakaryoblastic
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Which antibodies can be found in SLE?
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Pathognomic: anti-SM (30%)
anti-dsDNA (70%) ANA (95-100%) anti-ribonucleoprotein (low titer in 30% -> also present in MCTD) |
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What characterizes non-hodgkin lymphoma? And what cells do they contain?
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All: monoclonal origin
80% B-lymph 20% histiocytic (langerhans cell histiocytosis) or T-lymphocytic (mucosis fungoides) |
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What's the difference between chylous and pseudochylous effusion?
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Chylous: lymphatic fluid = high triglycerides, low cholesterol
Pseudochylous: fungus = high triglycerides and high cholesterol |
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Which 'other' hormones can increase serum glucose?
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GH: decline insulin receptors
ACTH: cortisol decreases insulin sensitivity TSH: increased absorption intestines |
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Which biochemical steps require thiamine?
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thiamin-> thiamine pyrophosphate
1) cofactor pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to convert pyruvate to acetyl coA 2) transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway |
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Which 5 diseases are associated with # tyrosine metabolism?
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1) albinism
2) phenylketonuria 3) cretinism 4) tyrosinosis (liver/kidney#) 5) alkaptonuria |
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Which disease?
blue-tinged sclera, small bluish misshapen teeth, hearing loss, bone fragility |
osteogenesis imperfecta
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what is gliosis?
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astrocytosis: at any cns damage site
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What substances have a higher concentration in plasma in nephrotic syndrome?
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cholesterol - hyperlipidemia
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Where is the tumor?
#vertical gaze insomnia |
Pineal gland
decrease melatonin - insomnia |
