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201 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Zoonotic Bacteria: Name 5 common zoonotic bacteria
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Bugs from your pet: Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Pasteirella multocida
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Name the disease, mode of transmission, and source associated with the following:: Borrelia burgdorferi
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Lyme disease; tick bite; Ixodes ticks that live on deer and mice
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Name the disease, mode of transmission, and source associated with the following:: Brucella
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Brucellosis/undulant fever; dairy products, contact with animals -- "Undulate and Unpasteurized products give you Undulant fever"
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Name the disease, mode of transmission, and source associated with the following:: Francisella tularensis
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Tularemia; tick bite; rabbits, deer
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Name the disease, mode of transmission, and source associated with the following:: Yersenia pestis
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Plague, flea bite; rodents, esp. prarie dogs
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Name the disease, mode of transmission, and source associated with the following:: Pasteurella multocida
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Cellulitis; animal bite; cats, dogs
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Gardnerella vaginalis: What symptoms are associated with G. vaginalis infection?
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Vaginosis - greenish vaginal discharge, fishy smell, not painful
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Gardnerella vaginalis: What is Mobiluncus?
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An anaerobe commonly involved in G. vaginalis infections
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Gardnerella vaginalis: G. vaginallis should be treated with ___
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Metronidazole
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Gardnerella vaginalis: What are the laboratory characteristics of G. vaginalis?
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Pleiomorphic, gram-variable rod; clue cells - vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria are visible under a microscope
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Identify as associated with Meningococci, Gonococci, or both:: Gram-negative cocci
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both
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Identify as associated with Meningococci, Gonococci, or both:: Polysacharide capsule
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Meningococci
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Identify as associated with Meningococci, Gonococci, or both:: Neonatal conjunctivitis
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Gonococci
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Identify as associated with Meningococci, Gonococci, or both:: Vaccine available
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Meningococci
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Identify as associated with Meningococci, Gonococci, or both:: Gonorrhea
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Gonococci
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Identify as associated with Meningococci, Gonococci, or both:: Meningitis w/ septicemia
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Meningococci
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Identify as associated with Meningococci, Gonococci, or both:: Waterhouse - Friederichsen syndrome
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Meningococci
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Identify as associated with Meningococci, Gonococci, or both:: Septic arthritis
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Gonococci
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Identify as associated with Meningococci, Gonococci, or both:: PID
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Gonococci
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Identify as associated with Meningococci, Gonococci, or both:: Maltose fermentation
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Meningococci
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Primary and Secondary TB (figure): What is primary TB?
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Reponse to TB infection by a non-immune host, consists of hilar node involvement and Ghon focus
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Primary and Secondary TB (figure): What are possible outcomes of primary TB?
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Healing by fibrosis (characterized by hypersensitivity w/ pD+), progressive lung disease (ass. W/ HIV, malnutrition), severe bacteremia (leading to miliary TB and death), preallergic lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination (leads to dormant tubercle bacilli in several organs and reactivation in adult life)
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Primary and Secondary TB (figure): What is secondary TB?
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Response to reinfection by a partially immune hypersensitized host (usu adult) OR reactivation of dormant tubercle bacilli from primary infection -- consists of fibrocaseous cavitary lesion
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Primary and Secondary TB (figure): What organs are commonly effected by extrapulmonary TB?
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CNS (parenchymal tuberculoma or meningitis), vertebral body (Pott's disease), lymphadenitis, renal, GI
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Mycobacteria: What are common symptoms of TB?
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Fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis
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Mycobacteria: T/F: All mycobacteria are acid-fast
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TRUE
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Mycobacteria: T/F: M. Tuberculosis and M. avium-intracellulare can be resistant to multiple drugs
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TRUE
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Mycobacteria: T/F: M. kansasii is asymptomatic
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False: causes pulmonary TB-like symptoms
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Mycobacteria: T/F: M. scrofulaceum commonly causes cervical lymphadenitis in the elderly
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False: usually causes cervical lymphadenitis in kids
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease): What organism causes leprosy?
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Mycobacterium leprae
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease): T/F: M. leprae is an acid-fast bacterium that grows well in vitro
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False - M. leprae does not grow in vitro
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease): M. leprae likes ___ temperatures and infects ___ and ___ (tissues)
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cool, skin, superficial nerves
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease): What are the two forms of Hansen's disease? Which form is worse?
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Lepromatous and tuberculoid, tuberculoid is self-limited, lepromatous is worse (failed cell-mediated immunity) "LEpromatous = LEthal"
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease): What is wrong with armadillos?
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Resevoir of leprosy in U.S.
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease): What is treatmet for leprosy and associated toxicities?
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Long-term oral dapsone, toxicity = hemolysis and methemoglobinemia. Alternate treatments include rifampin and combination of clofazimine and dapsone.
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease): AUTHOR
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Adam Weitzman, et al.
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Ricketsia: What is the classic triad of Rickettsial infection?
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headache, fever, rash
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Ricketsia: True/False: Ricketsia are facultative intracellular parasites
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False, they are obligate parasites and need CoA and NAD
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Ricketsia: Most Ricketsia are transmitted by what?
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arthropod vector
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Ricketsia: Why is Coxiella an atypical ricketsia?
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It is transmitted by aerosol and causes pneumonia and no rash. Has negative Weil-Felix test.
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Ricketsia: What is the treatment of choice for rickettsial infection?
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Tetracycline
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Rickettsial diseases and vectors: What bug causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever? What is the vector?
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Rickettsia rickettsii, tick vector
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Rickettsial diseases and vectors: What bug causes Endemic typhus? What is the vector?
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Rickettsia typhi, flea vector
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Rickettsial diseases and vectors: What bug causes Epidemic typhus? What is the vector?
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Rickettsia prowazeckii, human body louse
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Rickettsial diseases and vectors: What bug causes Q fever? What is the vector?
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Coxiella burnetii, only rickettsial disease without a vector
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever: What three diseases have characteristic palm and sole rash?
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever, syphilis, and coxsackievirus A16 (hand, foot, and mouth disease)
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever: How does the rash of Rocky Mountain spotted fever progress?
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centripetally, starting on palms and soles, migrating to wrists/ankles, then trunk
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever: What are the symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever? What is the causative agent?
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Classic triad of rickettsial disease-headache, fever, rash. Rickettsia rickettsii
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Where is Rocky Mountain spotted fever common?
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Endemic to EAST coast
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Weil-Felix reaction: What does the Weil-Felix reaction assay for?
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antirickettsial antibodies using cross reactivity with Proteus antigen.
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Weil-Felix reaction: Which rickettsia test positive with Weil-Felix? Which test negative?
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typhus (R. typhi and R. prowazekii) and Rockey Mountain spotted fever (R. rickettsii) are usually positive. Q fever (C. burnetii, the weird one) is usually negative.
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Mycoplasma pneumonia: Mycoplasma pneumonia causes what type of infection? Describe the symptoms. Which age group is it most common in?
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Classic cause of atypical "walking" pneumonia. Insidious onset, headache, nonproductive cough, diffuse interstitial infiltrate. More common in patients under 30.
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Mycoplasma pneumonia: How does an X-ray appear in a Mycoplasma infection?
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Streaky, much worse than the patient apears.
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Mycoplasma pneumonia: What is special about the mycoplasma cell wall?
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Only bacterial membrane containing cholesteral
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Mycoplasma pneumonia: What can you test for in the blood of patient with Mycoplasma?
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They have high titers of cold agglutinins (IgM)
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Mycoplasma pneumonia: Why can't you treat Mycoplasma infection with penecillin? What can you use?
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Mycoplasma has no cell wall. Use tetracycline or erythromycin
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Mycoplasma pneumonia: What agar is Mycoplasma grown on?
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Eaton's
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Chlamydiae: True/False: Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular parasite.
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TRUE
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Chlamydiae: Chlamydiae infects which type of surface?
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Mucosal
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Chlamydiae: How many forms does Chlamydia have? Describe them.
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Two: Elementary body, small/dense (Enters cell) and Initial/Reticulate body (Replicates by fusion)
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Chlamydiae: What is unusual about Chlamydia's cell wall?
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The peptidoglycan wall lacks muramic acid.
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Chlamydiae: What 4 things does Chlamydia cause?
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arthritis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and nongonococcal urethritis
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Chlamydiae: How do you diagnose a chlamydial infection? How do you treat it?
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cytoplasmic inclusions seen on Giemsa or fluorescent antibody-stained smear. Use erythromycin or tetracyclin
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Chlamydiae: Why is Chlamydia psittaci notable?
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Has an avian reservoir
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Chlamydiae: What species of animals do Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumonia infect? What do they cause?
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They only infect humans. C. trachomatis causes arthritis. C. pneumonia causes atypical pneumonia; transmitted by aerosol.
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Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes: What are the serotypes of chlamydia?
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A - K, L1 - 3
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Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes: What do types A, B, C cause?
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chronic infection; blindness in Africa (Africa/Blindness/Chronic infection
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Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes: What do L1 - L3 cause?
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L = Lymphogranuloma venereum (acute lymphadenitis - positive Frei test)
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Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes: What do type D - K cause?
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everything else!! --> urethritis/PID, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal pneumonia, or neonatal conjunctivitis
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Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes: How is neonatal chlamydia aquired?
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passage through infected birth canal
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Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes: How is neonatal chlamydia treated?
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erythromycin eye drops
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Spirochetes: Describe the shape of a spirochete.
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Spiral shaped bacteria with axial filaments
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Spirochetes: Name the three major spirochetes.
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Borrelia (big size), Leptospira, Treponema (BLT. B is Big)
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Spirochetes: Which can be identified by light microscopy using aniline dyes (Wright or Giemsa)?
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Borrelia (big size)
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Spirochetes: How is Treponema visualized?
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dark-field microscopy
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Lyme disease: What is the classic symptom of Lyme dz and how is it characterized?
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erythema chronicum migricans (an expanding "bull's eye" red rash with central clearing.
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Lyme disease: What else does Lyme dz affect?
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joints, CNS, heart
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Lyme disease: What are the Sx of Stage 1 Lyme dz?
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erythema chronicum migricans, flu-like sx
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Lyme disease: What are the Sx of Stage 2 Lyme dz?
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neurologic and cardiac manifestations
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Lyme disease: What are the Sx of Stage 3 Lyme dz?
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autoimmune migratory polyarthritis
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Lyme disease: What causes Lyme disease and how is it transmitted?
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Borrelia burgdorferi, by the Ixodes tick.
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Lyme disease: What are important reservoirs?
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Mice
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Lyme disease: What animal is required for the life cycle?
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Deer
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Lyme disease: How do you treat Lyme disease?
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Tetracycline
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Lyme disease: Where in the US is Lyme disease common?
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northeast (named after Lyme, Connecticut)
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Lyme disease: During what time of year is transmission most common?
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summer months
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Treponemal disease: Treponemes are what type of organism?
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spirochetes
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Treponemal disease: What causes syphillis?
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Treponema pallidum
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Treponemal disease: What causes yaws?
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Treponema pertenue
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Treponemal disease: What is yaws?
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a tropical infection that is not an STD (although, VDRL test is positive)
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Syphilis: What causes syphilis?
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Treponema pallidum, a spirochete
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Syphilis: What is characteristic of primary syphilis?
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A painless chancre (localized disease)
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Syphilis: What is characteristic of secondary syphilis?
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Constitutional symptoms, maculopapular rash, and condylomata lata.
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Syphilis: What is characteristic of end state syphilis?
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Gummas, aortitis, neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis), Argyll Robertson pupil.
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Syphilis: What do you treat syphilis with?
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Penicillin G
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VDRL vs. FTA-ABS: What do VDRL and FTA-ABS test for? Which is better and why?
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treponemes (syphilis), FTA-ABS is more specific, turns positive earlier and stays positive longer.
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VDRL false posititves: What does VDRL detect? What disease is it used for?
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Nonspecific antibody that reacts with beef cardiolipin. Used for diagnosis of syphilis.
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VDRL false posititves: What false positives are detected with VDRL?
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viral infection (mononucleosis, hepatitis), some drugs, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, and leprosy.
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Spores: fungal: Most fungal spores are sexual or asexual?
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asexual
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Spores: fungal: How are coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis transmitted?
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inhalation of asexual spores
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Spores: fungal: What are asexual spores called?
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conidia (e.g. blastoconidia, arthroconidia)
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Candida albicans: Is c. albicans infection local, systemic, or both?
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both
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Candida albicans: What is the morphology of c. albicans in culture at 20 deg C?
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budding yeast with pseudohyphae
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Candida albicans: What is the morphology of c. albicans in culture at 37 deg C?
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germ tubes
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Candida albicans: What does "alba" mean?
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White
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Candida albicans: What disease does c. albicans cause in immunocompromised patients?
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thrush in throat (neonates, steroids, diabetes, AIDS)
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Candida albicans: What disease does c. albicans cause in IV drug users?
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endocarditis
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Candida albicans: What disease does c. albicans cause s/p antibiotic tx?
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vaginitis
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Candida albicans: What disease does c. albicans cause in people who wear diapers (i.e. babies)?
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diaper rash
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Candida albicans: What is the treatment for superficial c. albicans infection?
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nystatin
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Candida albicans: What is the treatment for serious systemic c. albicans infection?
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amphotericin B
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Systemic Mycoses: Name 4 types of systemic mycoses.
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Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Paracoccidioidomycosis, Blastomycosis
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Systemic Mycoses: Name the Endemic location of Coccidioidomycosis.
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Southwestern United States, California.
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Systemic Mycoses: Why is the disease caused by Coccidioidomycosis called “valley fever?”
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Common in the San Joaquin Valley or desert (desert bumps) "valley fever"
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Systemic Mycoses: Name the Endemic location of Histoplasmosis.
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Mississipi and Ohio river valleys.
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Systemic Mycoses: What is a common form of transmission of Histoplasmosis.?
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Bird or bat dropings
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Systemic Mycoses: Is Histoplasmosis found intracellularly or extracellularly?
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Intracellular (frequently seen inside macrophages)
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Systemic Mycoses: Name the Endemic location of Paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Rural Latin America.
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Systemic Mycoses: What is special about Paracoccidioidomycosis’ appearance?
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Captain's wheel apearance.
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Systemic Mycoses: Name the Endemic location of Blastomycosis.
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States east of Mississipi River and Central America.
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Systemic Mycoses: How does Blastomycosis reproduce?
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Big, Broad-Based Budding.
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Systemic Mycoses: What is a dimorphic fungus?
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Mold in soil (at lower temperature) and yeast in tissue (at higher/body temperature: 37°C) Cold=Mold; Heat=Yeast
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Systemic Mycoses: Which of the following are dimorphic: Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Paracoccidioidomycosis, Blastomycosis ?
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All except coccidioidomycosis, which is a spherule in tissue.
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Systemic Mycoses: What is the appropriate treatment for local infection with the systemic mycoses?
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Treat with fluconazole or ketoconazole for local infection
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Systemic Mycoses: What is the appropriate treatment for systemic infection with the systemic mycoses?
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Treat with amphotericin B for systemic infection.
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Systemic Mycoses: What acid fast bacterial disease can the systemic mycoses mimic?
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TB (granuloma formation)
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Systemic Mycoses: What is the appropriate agar to use for culturing of systemic mycoses?
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Culture on Sabouraud's agar.
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Cutaneous Mycoses: What organism causes Tinea versicolor?
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Malassezia furfur. Causes hypopigmented skin lesions.
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Cutaneous Mycoses: What organism causes Tinea nigra?
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Cladosporium werneckii
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Cutaneous Mycoses: How do you treat Tinea versicolor?
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miconazole, selenium sulfide
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Cutaneous Mycoses: What part of the skin is infected by tinea nigra and how does it present?
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Infection of keratinized layers of skin. Apears as brownish spots
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Cutaneous Mycoses: How do you treat tinea nigra?
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sialicylic acid
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Cutaneous Mycoses: Concerning Tinea pedis, cruris, corporis, capitis, what does the lesion look like?
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Pruritic lesion wit central clearing resembling a ring.
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Cutaneous Mycoses: What organisms cause Tinea pedis, cruris, corporis, & capitis?
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Dermatophytes: Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton
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Cutaneous Mycoses: Concerning Tinea pedis, cruris, corporis, capitis, what do you see in a KOH prep?
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Mold hyphae, not dimorphic
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Cutaneous Mycoses: Concerning Microsporium, what is the reservoir for this organism
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Pets
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Cutaneous Mycoses: How is Microsporum infetction treated?
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topical azoles
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Opportunistic fungal infections: What organism is the cause of thrush in immunocomprornised?
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Candida albicans
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Opportunistic fungal infections: Other than thrush and vulvovaginitis, what other diseases can Candida albicans cause?
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Disseminated candidiasis (to any organ) & chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
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Opportunistic fungal infections: What is the morphology of Candida albicans?
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Pseudohyphae + budding yeasts or Germ tubes at 37 degrees C
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Opportunistic fungal infections: What pulmonary disease is caused by Aspergillus fumigatus?
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lung cavity aspergilloina ("fungus ball"), invasive aspergillosis.
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Opportunistic fungal infections: What is the morphology of Aspergillus fumigatus?
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Mold with septate hyphae that branch at a V-shaped (45°) angle.
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Opportunistic fungal infections: Is Aspergillus fumigatus dimorphic?
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NO
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Opportunistic fungal infections: What diseases does the yeast Cryptocuccus neoformans cause?
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Cryptococcal meningitis, cryptococcosis.
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Opportunistic fungal infections: What is the morphology of Cryptocuccus neoformans?
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Heavily encapsulated yeast.
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Opportunistic fungal infections: Is Cryptocuccus neoformans dimorphic?
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No
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Opportunistic fungal infections: What type of budding pattern is seen in Cryptocuccus neoformans?
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Narrow-based unequal budding
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Opportunistic fungal infections: What natural environment is Cryptocuccus neoformans usually found?
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Found in soil, pigeon dropings.
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Opportunistic fungal infections: What do you culture Cryptocuccus neoformans on?
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Culture on Sabouraud's agar.
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Opportunistic fungal infections: What special stain is used for Cryptocuccus neoformans ?
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Stains with India ink.
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Opportunistic fungal infections: What special test does the capsule of Cryptocuccus neoformans allow you to do?
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Latex agglutination test detects polysaccharide capsular antigen
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Opportunistic fungal infections: What is the morphology of Mucor?
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Mold with irregular nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles (> 90°).
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Opportunistic fungal infections: What immune modifying diseases (2) state is commonly associated with infection with Mucor?
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Disease mostly in ketoacidotic diabetic and leukemic patients.
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Opportunistic fungal infections: How does infection with Mucor lead to sympotms (pathogensis)?
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Fungi proliferate in the walls of blood vessels and cause infarction of distal tissue.
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Pneumocystis carinii: What disease does Pneumocystis carinii cause?
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Causes pneumonia (PCP).
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Pneumocystis carinii: What class of organism is Pneumocystis carinii?
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Yeast (originally classified as protozoan)
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Pneumocystis carinii: How is Pneumocystis carinii transmitted to caused disease?
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Inhaled
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Pneumocystis carinii: What predisposes to disease with Pneumocystis carinii?
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Most infections asymptomatic. Immunosupression (e.g., AIDS) predisposes to disease.
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Pneumocystis carinii: How do you stain for Pneumocystis carinii?
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Silver stain of lung tissue.
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Pneumocystis carinii: How do you treat infection with Pneumocystis carinii?
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Treat with TMP-SMX, pentamidine.
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Pneumocystis carinii: With regards to P. carinii, what should you do for an AIDS patient with CD4 below 200 cells/mL to prevent PCP?
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Start prophylaxis when CD4 drops below 200 cells/mL in HIV patients.
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Sporothrix schenckii: Where is Sporothrix schenckii normally found and how is it transmitted?
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Found on vegetation and transmitted by trauma to the skin, typically by a thorn ("rose gardener's" disease)
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Sporothrix schenckii: What are the symptoms of Sporcitrichosis?
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Local pustule or ulcer with nodules along draining lymphatics. Little systemic illness.
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Sporothrix schenckii: How do you treat Sporcitrichosis?
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Treat with itraconazole or potassium iodide.
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Entamoeba histolytica: What disease(s) does it cause?
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Amebiasis: bloody diarrhea, (dysentery), liver abscess, RUQ pain
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Entamoeba histolytica: How is it transmitted?
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Cysts in water
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Entamoeba histolytica: How is it diagnosed?
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Serology and/or trophozoites or cysts in stool
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Entamoeba histolytica: How it is treated?
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Metronidazole and iodoquinol
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Giardia lamblia: What disease(s) does it cause?
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Giardiasis: bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling diarrhea
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Giardia lamblia: How is it transmitted?
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Cysts in water
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Giardia lamblia: How is it diagnosed?
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Trophozoites or cysts in stool
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Giardia lamblia: How it is treated?
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Metronidazole
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Cryptosporidium: What disease(s) does it cause?
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Severe diarrhea in AIDS. Mild disease (watery diarrhea) in non-HIV
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Cryptosporidium: How is it transmitted?
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Cysts in water
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Cryptosporidium: How is it diagnosed?
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Cysts in water
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Cryptosporidium: How it is treated?
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None
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Toxoplasma: What disease(s) does it cause?
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Brain abscess in HIV, birth defects
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Toxoplasma: How is it transmitted?
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Cysts in meat or cat feces
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Toxoplasma: How is it diagnosed?
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Serology, biopsy
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Toxoplasma: How it is treated?
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Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
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What are the different species?: What disease(s) does it cause?
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Malaria: cyclic fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly; Malaria - severe (cerebral)
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What are the different species?: How is it transmitted?
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Mosquito (Anopheles)
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What are the different species?: How is it diagnosed?
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Blood smear
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What are the different species?: How it is treated?
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Chloroquine (primaquine for P. vivax, P. ovale), sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine, mefloquine, quinine
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Trichomonas vaginalis: What disease(s) does it cause?
|
Vaginitis: foul-smelling, greenish discharge; itching and burning
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Trichomonas vaginalis: How is it transmitted?
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Sexual
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Trichomonas vaginalis: How is it diagnosed?
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Trophozoites on wet mount
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Trichomonas vaginalis: How it is treated?
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Metronidazole
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Trypanosoma cruzi: What disease(s) does it cause?
|
Chagas' disease (heart disease)
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Trypanosoma cruzi: How is it transmitted?
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Reduviid bug
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Trypanosoma cruzi: How is it diagnosed?
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Blood smear
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Trypanosoma cruzi: How it is treated?
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Nifurtimox
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Trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense: What disease(s) does it cause?
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African sleeping sickness
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Trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense: How is it transmitted?
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Tsetse fly
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Trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense: How is it diagnosed?
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Blood smear
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Trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense: How it is treated?
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Suramin for blood-borne disease or melarsoprol for CNS penetration
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Leishmania donovani: What disease(s) does it cause?
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Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)
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Leishmania donovani: How is it transmitted?
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Sandfly
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Leishmania donovani: How is it diagnosed?
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Macrophages containing amastigotes
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Leishmania donovani: How it is treated?
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Sodium stibogluconate
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Babesia: What disease(s) does it cause?
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Babesiosis
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