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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three key processes involved in memory
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Encoding
Storage Retrieval |
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Involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time.
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Storage
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Involes recovering information from memory stores.
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Retrieval
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Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.
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Attention
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Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
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Elaboration
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holds that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall.
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dual-coding theory
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preserves information in its original form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.
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Sensory memory
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Process involving the selective turning up of one kind of sensory input, while turning down the others.
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Sensory Gating
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involves focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli within one sensory channel.
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Selective Attention
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a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.
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Short-term memory
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the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information.
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maintenance rehearsal
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The removal of some information from working memory as new information comes in.
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Displacement
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a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.
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chunk
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an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
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Long-term memory
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the tendency to remember similar or related items in groups
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Clustering
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consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.
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semantic network
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the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.
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Spontaneous recovery
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occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original.
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stimulus generalization
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occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
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stimulus discrimination
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Aquiring Operant Conditioning
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-Continuous reinforcement
-Shaping |
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Maintaining Operant Conditioning
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-Periodic Positive/Negative reinforcement
-Reinforcement Schedules |
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Stopping or modifying Operant conditioning
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positive/negative punishment
extinction |
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Maintaining Classical Conditioning
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Periodically pair UCS and CS
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Stopping or modifying Classical Conditioning
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Extinction
Counter Conditioning |
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Types of reinforcement schedules
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Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Interval |
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occurs when an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes.
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Instinctive drift
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Acquiring observational learning
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Attention
Retention Reproduction Motivation Choosing a model -Social Power -Avoidance of punishment -Vicarious Reinforcement -Status Envy -Secondary Reinforcer -Similarity to Learner |
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maintaining observational learning
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Reinforcement
-Direct -Vicarious -Intrinsic |
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Stopping or modifying observational learning
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Provide new model
Punishment -direct -vicarious |
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Problem solving steps
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1.Recognize and define the problem
2.Gather information relative to the problem 3.List possible solutions 4.Test possible solutions 5.Select the best solution 6.Implement the solution |
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Barriers in problem solving
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1.ill defined problems
2.irrelevant information 3.functional fixedness 4.mental set 5.Anchoring 6.Unnecessary constraints |
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Ways to approach problems
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incubation
brainstorming forming subgoals |
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Possible outcomes in signal-detection theory.
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Hit
Miss Correct Rejection False Alarm |
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Effective use of punishment
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-Swift application
-consistency of punishment -reduce of eliminate physical punishment -explain the punishment -alternative response available -make punishment just severe enough to be effective |
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Elaborative Rehearsal techniques
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Mnemonics
Context Imagery Meaning Organization |
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Occurs when people forget information because of competition from other material.
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Interference
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A memory problem that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information
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proactive interference
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A memory problem that occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
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Retroactive interference
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