Ush: Unit 1 Test

Front 1

Homestead Act

Back 1

The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to to any applicant who occupied and improved the property. This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War; facing arid conditions in the West, however, many homesteaders found themselves unable to live on their land.

Front 2

Comstock Lode

Back 2

Immense silver ore deposit discovered in 1859 in Nevada that touched off a mining rush, bringing a diverse population into the region and leading to the establishment of boomtowns.

Front 3

vertical integration

Back 3

A business model in which a corporation controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to packaged products. "Robber barons" industrial innovators such as Gustavus Swift and Andrew Carnegie pioneered this business form at the end of the Civil War.

Front 4

Andrew Carnegie

Front 5

industrialist

Front 6

Chinese Exclusion Act

Back 6

The 1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States. It continued in effect until the 1940s.

Front 7

Knights of Labor

Back 7

The first mass labor organization created among America's working class. Founded in 1869 and peaking in strength in the mid-1880s, the Knights of Labor attempted to bridge boundaries of ethnicity, gender, ideology, race, and occupation to build a "universal brotherhood" of all workers.

Front 8

Interstate Commerce Act

Back 8

An 1887 act that created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), a federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry and prevent collusion and unfair rates.

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Metropolis

Front 10

Muckrakers

Back 10

A critical term, first applied by Theodore Roosevelt, for investigative journalists who published exposes of political scandals and industrial abuses.

Front 11

George Washington Plunkitt

Front 12

Morrill Act

Back 12

An 1862 act that set aside 140 million federal acres that states could sell to raise money for public universities.

Front 13

Long drive

Back 13

Facilitated be the completion of the Missouri Pacific Railroad in 1865, a system by which cowboys herded cattle hundreds of miles north from Texas to Dodge City and the other cow towns of Kansas.

Front 14

Horizontal integration

Back 14

A business concept invented in the late nineteenth century to pressure competitors and force rivals to merge their companies into a conglomerate. John D. Rockefeller of Standard Oil pioneered this business model.

Front 15

John D. Rockefeller

Front 16

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Back 16

A nationwide strike of thousands of railroad workers and labor allies, who protested the growing power of railroad corporations and the steep wage cuts imposed by railroad managers amid a severe economic depression that had begun in 1873.

Front 17

Anarchism

Front 18

Closed Shop

Back 18

A work place in which a job seeker had to be a union member to gain employment. The closed shop was advocated by craft unions as a method of keeping out lower-wage workers and strengthening the unions' bargaining position with employers.

Front 19

Political machine

Back 19

A complex, hierarchical party organization such as New York City's Tammany hall, whose candidates remained in office on the strength of their political organization and their personal relationship with voters, esp. working-class immigrants who had little alternative access to political power.

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Marble House

Front 21

monoply

Front 22

J.P. Morgan

Front 23

Standard Oil

Front 24

Scientific management

Back 24

A system of organizing work developed by Frederick W. Taylor in the late nineteenth century. It was designed to coax maximum output from the individual worker, increase efficiency, and reduce production costs.

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Granger Laws

Back 25

Economic regulatory laws passed in some Midwestern states in the late 1870s, triggered by pressure from farmers and the Greenback-Labor Party.

Front 26

Haymarket Square

Back 26

The May 4, 1886, conflict in Chicago in which both workers and policemen were killed or wounded during a labor demonstration called by local anarchists. The incident created a backlash against all labor organizations, including the Knights of Labor.

Front 27

American Federation of Labor

Back 27

Organization created by Samuel Gompers in 1886 that coordinated the activities of craft unions and called for direct negotiation with employers in order to achieve benefits for skilled workers.

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Tenement

Back 28

A high-density, chap, five or six-story housing unit designed for working-class urban populations. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, tenements became a symbol of immigrant poverty.

Front 29

Tammany Hall

Back 29

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