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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a bacteriophage?
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A virus that infects bacteria.
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True or False? Bacteriophage are very specific.
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True.
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What happens during the Lytic Cycle after the phage has injected its genome into the bacteria?
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The phage's genome is immediately replicated and new phage particles are synthesized.
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What happens during Lysogeny after the phage has injected its genome into the bacteria?
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The phage's genome is integrated into the host's genome, called a prophage, then it is replicated along with the bacterium's genome.
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True or False? The prophage formed in Lysogeny will remain latent until a cue, usually environmental, triggers it to excise from the host genome.
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True.
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True or False? The T4 phage only replicates by the lytic cycle and is considered a virulent phage.
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True.
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What is a plaque in respect to phages and bacterial growth on plates?
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A clearing in a lawn of bacterial growth due to infection from a phage.
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What bacteria is the T4 phage known to kill?
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E. Coli.
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What are fungi?
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Eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls made up of chitin.
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What is the difference between fungi and bacteria?
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Fungi are eukaryotes, where as bacteria are prokaryotes.
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True or False? Fungi are usually smaller than bacteria.
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False. Fungi are usually larger than bacteria.
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True or False? Fungi and animals are more closely related than fungi and bacteria.
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True.
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Mushrooms are made up of filaments of __________.
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Hyphae.
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True or False? Yeasts are not fungi.
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False. Yeasts are fungi.
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How do fungi eat?
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They excrete enzymes into the environment which breakdown organic substrates. The fungus can then absorb these nutrients.
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Fungi that are decomposers and cycle essential nutrients back into the environment from decaying material are termed ____________.
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Saprotrophs.
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Fungi that prey on living cells are called __________.
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Necrotrophs.
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Fungi that utilize nutrients from living cells, yet not killing them are called ____________.
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Biotrophs.
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Fungi that reproduce by mitotic cell divisions producing asexual mitospores directly from the hyphae are called _____________.
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Anamorphs. Such as Penicillium and Apergillus.
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True or False? Some fungi can reproduce by sexual reproduction through alternation of generations.
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True.
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If one sees the presence of zygospores, then the ___________ stage is represented.
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Teleomorph.
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Multicellular fruiting bodies of some fungi are called _____________.
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Mushrooms.
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True or False? Antibiotics are produced from the cultivation of some fungi.
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True.
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What is the name for the study of fungi?
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Mycology.
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What is the fungi slide we did in class?
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The Henrici slide.
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What Fungi did we use for our Henrici slide?
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Either Penicillium notatum or Rhizopus Stolonifer.
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What does a Henrici slide consist of?
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Toothpick, water, slide, agar block, fungi on top of block underneath a slide cover.
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What are antimicrobial agents?
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Chemicals or processes that reduce or kill microbes on a substance and can be achieved through physical or chemical means.
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Physical antimicrobial methods examples are....
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High or low temperatures, changes in pH, irradiation, or filtration.
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Chemical antimicrobial methods examples are....
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Antibiotics, antiseptics, and disinfectants.
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Define Pasteurization.
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A process that allows us to disinfect milk or other beverages that contain microorganisms. Heating the substance for a given amount of time to kill microorganisms.
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What are the two temperature and time options for pasteurization?
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63C for 30 minutes, or 72C for 15 seconds.
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What are two bacteria pasteurization kills?
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis), and Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)
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How does electromagnetic radiation sterilize material?
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By damaging DNA material, causing death.
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Define disinfectants.
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Chemical compounds that are used on non-living objects.
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Define antiseptics.
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Chemical compounds that are used on living tissue.
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Define antimicrobials.
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Chemical compounds that will selectively kill or inhibit pathogens inside the individual without causing harm to the host.
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Define antibiotics.
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Antimicrobial substances that are derived from microorganisms.
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Define germicides.
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Chemical or physical methods used to kill microorganisms.
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Define sterilization.
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Method to kill all viable organisms and spores.
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Define disinfection.
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Method to kill pathogens from living substances.
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Define antisepsis.
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Removal of pathogens from living tissue.
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What is the most common method to test a pathogens susceptibility to an antimicrobial agent?
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Disk diffusion method.
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What kind of plate is used in a disk diffusion method?
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Mueller-Hinton plate, forming a lawn.
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Define zone of inhibition in relation to the disk diffusion method.
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Clearing around the disks in the agar plate in the disk diffusion method.
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Define the Kirby-Bauer test.
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Measurement of the zone of inhibition and comparing the values to a chart that will determine the susceptibility of a pathogen to antibiotics.
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Why is the Mueller-Hinton agar used in the Kirby-Bauer test?
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To standardize the results of the Kirby-Bauer test. Also the plates don't contain PABA, which could interfere with how the bacterium react to the antibiotics.
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Mannitol Salt plate:
pH indicator? Inhibitor? Fermentable sugar? Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? Selective or Differential medium? When Mannitol is fermented, the medium turns ____. |
pH indicator? Phenol red.
Inhibitor? 7.5% NaCl Fermentable sugar? Mannitol. Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? - Selective or Differential medium? Both When Mannitol is fermented, the medium turns yellow. |
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EMB plate:
pH indicator? Inhibitor? Fermentable sugar? Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? Selective or Differential medium? When lactose is fermented the colonies will turn ______. |
pH indicator? Eosin & Methylene blue.
Inhibitor? Eosin & Methylene blue. Fermentable sugar? Lactose. Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? - Selective or Differential medium? Both When lactose is fermented the colonies will turn blue/black with a green sheen. |
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SS plate:
pH indicator? Inhibitor? Fermentable sugar? Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? Selective or Differential medium? Coliforms will appear _______. Paracolons will appear ____. |
pH indicator? Neutral red.
Inhibitor? Bile salts and brilliant green. Fermentable sugar? Lactose. Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? + Selective or Differential medium? Both. Coliforms will appear red. Paracolons will appear colorless. |
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MacConkey plate:
pH indicator? Inhibitor? Fermentable sugar? Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? Selective or Differential medium? Inhibits growth of Gram _ bacteria. When lactose is fermented, coliforms will appear ____. Paracolons will appear ____. |
pH indicator? Neutral red.
Inhibitor? Bile salts & crystal violet. Fermentable sugar? Lactose. Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? - Selective or Differential medium? Both Inhibits growth of Gram + bacteria by crystal violet. When lactose is fermented, coliforms will appear red. Paracolons will appear colorless. |
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TSI plate:
pH indicator? Inhibitor? Fermentable sugar? Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? |
pH indicator? Phenol red.
Inhibitor? None. Fermentable sugar? Glucose, lactose, and sucrose. Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? + |
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Citrate plate:
pH indicator? Inhibitor? Fermentable sugar? Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? |
pH indicator? Bromothymol blue.
Inhibitor? None. Fermentable sugar? None. Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? - |
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Staphylococcus aureus:
Gram Stain Reaction? Hemolysis Patterns? Catalase? NaCl Tolerant? Mannitol Fermentation? |
Gram Stain Reaction? G+ Cocci. Grape-like clusters.
Hemolysis Patterns? Beta. Catalase? + NaCl Tolerant? + Mannitol Fermentation? + |
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Staphylococcus epidermidis:
Gram Stain Reaction? Hemolysis Patterns? Catalase? NaCl Tolerant? Mannitol Fermentation? |
Gram Stain Reaction? G+ Cocci. Grape-like clusters.
Hemolysis Patterns? N/A Catalase? + NaCl Tolerant? + Mannitol Fermentation? - |
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Streptococcus pyogenes:
Gram Stain Reaction? Hemolysis Patterns? Catalase? NaCl Tolerant? Mannitol Fermentation? |
Gram Stain Reaction? G+ cocci, chains or pairs.
Hemolysis Patterns? Beta. Catalase? - NaCl Tolerant? - Mannitol Fermentation? - |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae:
Gram Stain Reaction? Hemolysis Patterns? Catalase? NaCl Tolerant? Mannitol Fermentation? |
Gram Stain Reaction? G+ cocci, chains or pairs.
Hemolysis Patterns? Alpha. Catalase? - NaCl Tolerant? - Mannitol Fermentation? - |
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Escherichia coli:
Gram Stain Reaction? Lactose Fermentation? H2S Production? Citrate Utilization? |
Gram Stain Reaction? G- Rods.
Lactose Fermentation? + H2S Production? - Citrate Utilization? - |
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Klebsiella pneumoniae:
Gram Stain Reaction? Lactose Fermentation? H2S Production? Citrate Utilization? |
Gram Stain Reaction? G- Rods.
Lactose Fermentation? + H2S Production? - Citrate Utilization? + |
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Salmonella enterica:
Gram Stain Reaction? Lactose Fermentation? H2S Production? Citrate Utilization? |
Gram Stain Reaction? G- Rods.
Lactose Fermentation? - H2S Production? + Citrate Utilization? + |
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Yersina enterocolitica:
Gram Stain Reaction? Lactose Fermentation? H2S Production? Citrate Utilization? |
Gram Stain Reaction? G- Rods
Lactose Fermentation? - H2S Production? - Citrate Utilization? - |
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What media is used to select and isolate specific types of bacteria by containing chemical substances that allow the growth of a particular organism, while inhibiting the growth of other organisms?
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Selective media.
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What media contains chemical compounds that allow bacteria to be distinguished between each other based on their reactions to the compounds on the media?
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Differential media.
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What is a pH indicator?
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Something incorporated into media to allow changes in pH to be observed at color changes to the medium.
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What kind of organisms produce no lysis of red blood cells, with no change to the surrounding medium?
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Nonhemolytic.
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What type of hemolysis exhibits incomplete lysis of red blood cells? A greenish halo around a colony is a characteristic of this hemolysis and is caused by oxidation of the heme iron in the red blood cells in the agar.
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Alpha hemolysis.
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What type of hemolysis exhibits complete lysis of red blood cells? The organism completely utilizes the released hemoglobin from the red blood cells using hemolysins, resulting in a clear halo surrounding the colonies.
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Beta hemolysis.
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True or False? Blood agar is a differential medium.
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True.
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What is Catalase?
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An enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas.
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