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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Christopher Columbus |
A sailor from Genoa, Italy. |
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Line Of Demarcation |
An imaginary boundary in the Alantic diving Spanish and Portugeese territories. |
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Treaty of Tordesillas |
Agreement between Spain and Portugal moving the line of Demarcation. |
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Ferdinand Magellan |
Portuguese navigator expedition whose expedition circumnavigated the globe. |
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Cricumnavigate |
To go all the way around the globe. |
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Columbian Exchange |
The transfer of plants and animals between the Americans and Asia, Africa, and Europe. |
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Conquistadors |
Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americans. |
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Hernan Cortes |
Conquistador who conquered the Aztec empire. |
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Moctezima II |
Ruler of the Aztec empire. |
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Francisco Pizarro |
A conquistador who captured the Inca capital and killed the Inca leaders. |
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Encomienda System |
A system that gave settlers the right to tax Native Americans or to make them work. |
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Plantations |
Large farms that grew one kind of crop and made huge profits fo their owners. |
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Bartolome de Las Casas |
A priest who encourged better treatment of Native Americans. |
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Protestants |
The reformers who protested the Catholic church's practices. |
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Spanish Armada |
The Spanish fleet of huge warships. |
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Northwest Passege |
A path through North America that would allow ships to sail from the Alantic to the Pacific. |
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Jacques Cartier |
French explorer who sailed up the Saint Lawrence River looking for the Northwest Passage. |
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Immune |
Having a natural resistance to a disease. |
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Middle Passage |
The voyage across the Alantic that inslaved Africans were forced to endure. |
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African Diaspora |
The scattering of African people due to slavery. |
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Jamestown |
An english settlement in Virgina founded in 1607. |
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John Smith |
A colonist and leader of Jamestown. |
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Pocahontas |
A Powhatan Indian who married Jamestown colonist John Rolfe. |
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Indtured Servents |
Colonist who reached America by working for free for other people who had paid for their journeys. |
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Bacon's Rebllion |
An uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon against high taxes. |
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Toleration Act of 1649 |
An act that made limiting the religious rights of Christians a crime. |
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Olaudah Equiano |
A former slave who wrote down his experiences. |
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Purtians |
A Prosestant group that wanted to reform, or purify, the Church of England.
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Pilgrims |
A Protestant group that cut all ties with the Church of Englandand was punished. |
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Slave Codes |
Laws to control slaves. |
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Immigrants |
People who haveayflower CompactM left the country of their birth to live in another country. |
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Mayflower Compact |
A legal contract male passengers on the Mayflower signed agreeing to have fair laws to protecy in general good. |
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Squanto |
Platuxet Indian who had lived in Europe and spoke English. |
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John Winthrop |
The leader of Purtains who left England for Massachusetts seeking religious freedom. |
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Anne Hutchinson |
A Purtain who claimed to receive her religious views directly from God and who was forced to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony. |
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Peter Stuyvesant |
Director general who took control of New Amsterdam beginning in 1647. |
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Quakers |
A Protestant religious group founded by George Fox in the mid-1600s in England. |
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William Penn |
A Quaker leader who began the Pennsylvania colony. |
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Staple Crops |
Crops that are always needed, such as wheat, barley, and oats. |
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Town Meeting |
An assembly in which colonist decided issues and made laws. |
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English Bill of Rights |
An act passed in 1689 that reduced the powers of the English monarch and gave Parliament more power. |
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Triangular Trade |
Indirect trade between the American colonies and Britain. |
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Jonathan Edwards |
Important leader of the Great Awakening |
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Great Awakening |
An awakening in the religious lives of colonists. |
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Enlightenment |
A movement during the 1700s that focused on the use of reason and logic to improve society. |
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Pontiac |
Native American leader who led a rebellion in the Ohio Valley in 1763. |
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Samuel Adams |
Boston leader whio believed Parliament could not tax the colonists without their permission. |
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Committees of Correspondence |
Method of communication between towns and colonies about British laws. |
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Stamp Act of 1765
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Required colonists to pay for an official stamp when buying paper items. |
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Boston Massacre |
Shooting by British soldiers killed five colonists. |
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Tea Act |
An act allowing a British company to sell cheap tea directly to the colonists. |
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Boston Tea Party |
A protest in which colonists dressed as American Indians and dumped 340 tea chests from British ships into Boston Harbor. |
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Intolerable Acts |
Laws passed to punish colonists for the Boston Tea party. |
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First Continental Congress |
Gathering of colonial leaders who were deeply troubled about the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies in America. |
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Patroiots |
Colonists who chose to fight for independence. |
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Minutemen |
The members of the civilian volunteer militia. |
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Redcoats |
British soldiers wearing red uniforms. |
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Second Continental Congress |
Meeting of delegates from 12 colonies in Philadelphia in May 1775. |
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Continental Army |
Army created by the Second Continental Congress Army. |
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Battle of Bunker Hill |
Battle won by the British but with double the American losses. |
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Reaction |
Response. |
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Common Sense |
A 47-Page pamphlet that argued againest Britished rule over America. |
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Thomas Paine |
Author of Common Sense, who wrote that citizens, not monarchs, should make laws. |
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Thomas Jefferson |
The main author of the Declaration of Independence. |
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Declaration of Independence |
The document that formally announced the colonies' break from Great Britain. |
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Loyalists |
Colonists, sometimes called Tories, whe remained loyal to Britian. |
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Mercenaries |
Foreign soldiers who fought not out of loyalty, but for pay. |
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Battle of Trenton |
A battle won by the Patriots against mercenary Hessians. |
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Battle of Saratoga |
A great victory for the American forces i which British General John Burgoyne surrendered his entire army to American General Horatio Gates. |
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Marquis de Lafatette |
A Frenchman who volunteered to serve in the Continental Army without pay and used his money and influence to support the Patriots. |
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Baron Friedrich von Steuben |
A Prussian military officer who trained the continental Army. |
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Bernardo de galvez |
The governor of Spanish Louisiana, who became a Patriot ally. |
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John Paul Jones |
A Brave and clever naval commander. |
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George Rogers Clark |
A Surveyor who led the Patriots' western campaign. |
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Strategy |
A plan for fighting a battle or war. |
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Francis Marion |
A Patriot leader who used hit-and-run attacks, known as guerilla warfar. |
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Conte de Rochambeau |
Commander of 4,000 French troops that aided the Patriot forces at the battle of Yorktown. |
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Battle of Yorktown |
The last major battle of the American Revolution. |
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Treaty of Paris of 1783 |
The peach agreement in which Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States. |
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Magna Carta |
An English document that limited the power of the monarch. |
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Constitution |
A set of basic principles and laws that states the power and duties of the government. |
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Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom |
A law that included Thomas Jefferson's ideas granting religious freedom. |
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Suffrage |
Voting rights. |
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Articles of Confederation |
The new national Constitution, which made a new Confederation Congress the national government. |
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Ratification |
Official approval of the Articles of Confederation by the states. |
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Land Ordinance of 1785 |
A law that set up a system for surveying land and dividing the Northwest Territory. |
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Northwest Ordinance of 1785 |
A law that established the Northwest Territory and formed a political system for the region. |
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Northwest Territory |
A Territory including Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. |
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Tariffs |
Taxes on imports or exports. |
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Interstate Commerce |
Trade between two or more states. |
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Inflation |
Increased prices combined with the reduced value of money. |
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Inflation |
Increased prices combined with the reduced value of money. |
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Depression |
A period of low economic activity combined with a rise in unemployment. |
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Daniel Shays |
A poor farmer and Revolutionary War veteran. |
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Shays's Rebellion |
An uprising in which Daniel Shays led hundreds of men in a forced shutdown of the Supreme Court in Springfield, Massachusetts. |
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Constitutional Convenction |
Meeting held in Philadelphia to create a new Constitution. |
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James Madison |
A leading convention delegate from Virginia. |
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Virginia Plan |
A plan giving supreme power to the central government and creating a bicameral legislature made of two groups, or houses, of representatives. |
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New Jersey Plan |
A plan creating a unicameral, or one-house, legislature. |
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Great Compermise |
An agreement that gave each state one vote in the upper house of the legislature and a number of representatives based on its population in the lower house. |
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Three-Fifths Compermise |
Only Three-Fifths of a state's slaves were counted when deciding representation in Congress. |
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Popular Sovereinty |
The idea that political power belongs to the people. |
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Federalism |
The sharing of power between a central government and the states. |
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Legislative Branch |
A congress of two houses that proposes and passes laws. |
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Executive Branch |
The President and the departments that help run the government. |
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Judicial Branch |
A system of all the national courts. |
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Checks and Balances |
A system that keeps any branch of Government from becoming to powerful. |
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Antifederalists |
People who opposed the Constitution. |
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George Mason |
Delegate who opposed the Constitution. |
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Federalists |
People who supported the constitution. |
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Federalist Papers |
Essays supporting the Constitution. |
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Amendments |
Official changes to a document. |
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Bill of Rights |
Constitutional amendments that protect the rights of citizens. |
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Advocate |
To plead in favor of. |
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Federal System |
The government system that gives certain powers to the federal government. |
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Impeach |
Vote to bring charges of serious crimes against a president. |
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Veto |
Cancel |
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Executive Orders |
Commands from the president that have the power of law. |
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Pardons |
Orders from the president that grant freedom from punishment. |
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Thurgood Marshall |
The first African American Supreme Court Justice, appointed in 1967. |
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Sandra Day O'Connor |
The first female Supreme Court Justice, appointed in 1981. |
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Distinct |
Separate |
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James Madison |
A Federalist who promised that a Bill of Rights would be added to the Constitution. |
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Majority Rule |
The idea that the greatest number of people in a society can make policies for everyone. |
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Petition |
A request made of the government. |
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Search Warrant |
An order authorities must get before they search someone's property. |
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Due Process |
A rule that the law must be fairly applied. |
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Indict |
Formally accuse. |
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Double Jeopardy |
A rule that says a person cannot be tried for the same crime more that once. |
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Eminent Domain |
The government's power to take personal property to benefit the public. |
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Naturalized Citizens |
Foreign-born people who: a) live in the United States, b)whose parents are not citizens, and c) who complete the requirements for U.S. citizenship. |
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Deport |
Return to an immigrant's country of origin. |
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Draft |
Required military service. |
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Political Action Committees |
Groups that collect money for candidates who support certain issues. |
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Interest Groups |
Groups of people who share a common interest that motivates them to take political action. |
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Influence |
To change or have an effect on. |
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George Washington |
An honest leader, a hero of the revolution, and the first U.S. President. |
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Electoral College |
A group of delegates, or electors, who represent the people's vote in choosing the president. |
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Martha Washington |
George Washington's wife and the First Lady. |
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Precedent |
An action or a decision that later serves as an example. |
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Judiciary Act of 1789 |
An act that created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationships to the state courts. |
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Agreement |
A decision reached by two or more people or groups. |
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Alexander Hamiliton |
The first secretary of the U.S. treasury who wanted to pay the nation's foreign debt and gradually repay the full value of all bonds. |
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National debt |
Money owed by the by the United States. |
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Bonds |
Certificates that represent money. |
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Speculators |
People who buy items at low prices in the hope that the value will rise. |
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Thomas Jefferson |
The first secretary of state who thought that repaying the full value of all bonds at low prices. |
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Loose Construction |
The view that the federal government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid. |
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Strict Construction |
The view that the federal government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do. |
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The Bank of the United States |
The national bank. |
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French Revolution |
A rebellion of the French people against their king that led to the creation of a republican government. |
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Neutrality Proclamation
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A formal statement that the United States would not take sides with any European countries who were at war. |
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Privateers |
Private ships hired by a country to attack its enemies. |
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Jay's Treaty |
An agreement that settled the disputes between United States and Britain in the early 1790's. |
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Pinckney's Treaty |
An agreement that settled border and trade disputes with Spain. |
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Little Turtle |
A Native American chief who fought against U.S. forces in 1790. |
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Battle of Fallen Timbers |
The battle that broke the strength of Native American forces in the Northwest Territory. |
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Treaty of Greenville |
An agreement that gave the United States right of entry to American Indian land. |
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Whiskey Rebellion |
Uprising in which some farmers refused to pay the whiskey tax. |
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Neutral |
Unbiased, not favoring either side in a conflict. |
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Political Parties |
Groups that help elect people and shape politics. |
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Federalist Party |
A political group that wanted a strong federal government and supported industry and trade. |
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Democratic-Republican Party |
A political group that wanted to limit the federal government's powers. |
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XYZ Affair |
A French demand for a $250,00 bribe and a $12 million loan in exchange for a treaty. |
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Alien and Sedition Acts |
Laws that punished supporters of France and deprived people of the freedom to say and write what they believed. |
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions |
Formal statements that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. |
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John Adams |
federalist president first elected in 1796 who lost the 1800 presidential election. |
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Thomas Jefferson |
Republican who defeated John Adams in the president. |
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John Marshall |
A Federalist appointed by Adams to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. |
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Marbury V. Madison |
A case that established the Supreme Court's power of Judicial review. |
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Judicial Review |
The Supreme Court's power to declare an act of Congress Unconstitutional. |
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Functions |
Uses or proposes. |
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Louisiana Purchase |
The purchase of Louisiana from France for $15 million, which roughly doubled the size of the United States. |
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Meriwether Lewis |
A former army captain chosen by Jefferson to lead an expedition to explore the West. |
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William Clark |
Co-Leader of the western expedition. |
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Lewis and Clark expedition |
A long journey to explore the Louisiana Purchase. |
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Sacagawea |
A Shoshone who helped the expedition by naming plants and gathering edible fruits and vegetables for the group. |
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Zebulon Pike |
An explorer of the West who reached the summit of the mountain. |
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USS Constitution |
A large U.S. warship sent to end attacks by Mediterranean pirates on American merchant ships. |
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Impressment |
the practice of forcing people to serve in the army or navy. |
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Embargo Act |
A U.S. law that essentially banned trade with all foreign countries. |
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Non-Intercourse Act |
A new law banning only trade |
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Tecumseh |
A brilliant speaker who warned other Native Americans that settlers wanted their lands. |
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Battle of Tippecanoe |
The battle between the U.S. forces and Tecumseh's followers that ended with the U.S. forces winning. |
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War Hawks |
Several members of Congress who called for war against Great Britain. |
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James Madison |
A Republican who was elected president in 1808. |
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Oliver Hazard Perry |
U.S. Navy commodore who won a victory against the British. |
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Battle of Lake Erie |
The victory won by Perry and his sailors. |
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Andrew Jackson |
The commander of the Tennessee militia who led an attack on the Creek nation to give up millions if acres of there land. |
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Battle of New Orleans |
The last major conflict of the War of 1812, which made Andrew Jackson a hero. |
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Hartford Convention |
A meeting of Federalists opposed to the war. |
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Treaty of Ghent |
The pact that ended the War of 1812. |
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Consequences |
The effects of particular events. |
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Rush-Bagot Agreement |
A compermise that is limited U.S. and British naval power on the great lakes. |
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Convention of 1818 |
A treaty that gave the United States fishing rights off parts of the NewfoundLand nad labrador coasts. |
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James Monroe |
U.S president elected in 1816. |
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Adams-Onis Treaty |
An agreement that settled all border disputes between the United States and Spain. |
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Simon Bolivar |
The leader of the successful revolutions of Latin American colonies against Spain. |
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Monroe Doctrine |
A statement of American policy warning European nations not to interfear with the Americans. |
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Circumstances |
Surrounding situation. |
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Nationalism |
A sense of pride and devotion to a nation. |
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Henry Clay |
A U.S. representative from Kentucky who supported an emphasis on national unity. |
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American System |
A series of measures intended to make the United States. |
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Cumberland Road |
The first road built by the federal government. |
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Erie Canal |
A waterway that ran from Albany to Buffalo, New York. |
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Era of Good Feelings |
A U.S. Era of Peace,Pride, and Progress. |
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Sectionalism |
Disagreement between leaders of different regions. |
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Missouri Compromise |
An agreement that settled that conflict over Missouri's application for statehood. |
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John Quincy Adams |
Chosen as president by the House of Representatives in 1824. |
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Incentive |
Something that leads people to action. |
