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66 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Jake Hanahan

Boom Towns
Quickly growing towns in the West which rose near areas with lots of resources.
Jake Hanahan

Open Range
A large, government-owned area of the great plains, which homesteaders were free to graze their cattle in.
Jake Hanahan

Long Drives
Trips that cowboys took to bring cattle from ranches in the West to markets in the East.
Jake Hanahan

Great Plains
An area of the U.S. that extends from the Dakotas, Nebraska, Texas, and Oklahoma to the Rocky Mountains, and consists of dry grassland with few trees.
Jake Hanahan

Homestead Act
A law, passed in 1862, which said that for a $10 registration fee, an individual could file for a homestead of up to 160 acres of land, and could receive title to that land after living there for five years.
Jake Hanahan
Homestead
A tract of public land available for settlement.
Jake Hanahan
Sodbusters
People who plowed the Great Plains.
Jake Hanahan
Bonanza Farms
Huge farms which yielded big profits.
Jake Hanahan
Closing Frontier
The selling of the last homesteads in the West.
Jake Hanahan
Sand Creek Massacre
A two-day battle between Americans and the Cheyenne, in which the American Colonel Chivington and his men murdered several hundred Cheyenne who had already offered to negotiate a peace deal with a nearby fort.
Jake Hanahan

Indian Peace Commission
A government commission formed in 1867, which proposed creating two large reservations for Native Americans on the Plains.
Jake Hanahan

George Custer
An American Lieutenant who, against orders, led his troops in a battle in 1876, against a group of Lakota and Cheyenne that greatly outnumbered them, resulting in the deaths of all but one soldier from Custer's force.
Jake Hanahan

Battle of Wounded Knee
A tragic battle in 1890, considered the end of Native American resistance, in which American soldiers tried to stop a group of Lakota from performing a dance called the Ghost Dance. The Lakota refused, and in the battle that broke out, Chief Sitting Bull and 200 other Lakota men, women, and children, along with 25 U.S. soldiers, were killed.
Jake Hanahan

Dawes Act
A law enacted in 1887, which allotted to each Native American head of household 160 acres of reservation land for farming. The remaining land was sold to settlers, and the proceeds went into a trust for Native Americans. Also granted citizenship to Native Americans who stayed on their allotments for 25 years. Failed to achieve its goals.
Jake Hanahan

Assimilate
The process of other cultures (such as immigrants' native cultures, and Native American cultures) being absorbed into American society as landowners and citizens.
Jake Hanahan

Allotments
Small pieces of land the government divided Native American reservations into, and gave to Native American families, to live on like other Americans.
Jake Hanahan

Natural Resources
Materials such as coal, copper, iron, limestone, petroleum, and timber, which an be collected and used in industry.
Jake Hanahan

Edwin Drake
The man who drilled the first American oil well, near Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859.
Jake Hanahan

Alexander Graham Bell
A Scottish immigrant to the U.S., who invented the telephone in 1876, and founded the Bell Telephone Company (Now the American Telephone and Telegraph Company/AT&T) in 1877.
Jake Hanahan

Thomas Edison
American inventor who held more than one thousand patents, including the phonograph, perfected versions of the electric generator and the lightbulb, the battery, the dictaphone, and the motion picture. He also founded several companies, including the Edison General Electric Company (Now G.E.).
Jake Hanahan

Laissez-faire
The belief that the government should not interfere in the economy other than to protect private property rights and maintain peace, and that taxes and government debt should be low.
Jake Hanahan

Entrepreneurs
People who risk capital to organize and run businesses.
Jake Hanahan

Pacific Railway Act
A law enacted in 1862, which provided for the construction of a transcontinental railroad by two corporations, and offered each company land along its right-of-way.
Jake Hanahan

Land Grants
Pieces of land the government would give to railroad companies to encourage railroad construction across the Great Plains. The railroad companies would sell this land to raise money.
Jake Hanahan

Credit Mobilier
A construction company set up by several stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad. It greatly overcharged Union Pacific Railroad, which payed it because it was owned by their stockholders. The railroad ended up being nearly bankrupt, so a stockholder bribed members of Congress to give them more land grants.
Jake Hanahan

Corporation
An organization owned by many people, but treated by law as though it were a single person.
Jake Hanahan

Stock
A share of ownership in a corporation.
Jake Hanahan

Andrew Carnegie
A Scottish immigrant who made a huge fortune by investing in the railroad and steel industries.
Jake Hanahan

Vertical Integration
A process where a company expands by owning all of the different businesses which it depends on for its operation.
Jake Hanahan

Horizontal Integration
A process where a company expands by buying out its competitors.
Jake Hanahan

John D. Rockefeller
An entrepreneur who founded Standard Oil, an oil refining company, and bought out so many of his competitors that he eventually ended up controlling about 90 percent of the oil refining industry in the U.S.
Jake Hanahan

Monopoly
When a single company achieves control of an entire market.
Jake Hanahan
Trust
A legal arrangement that allows one person to manage another person's property.
Jake Hanahan

Company
A commercial organization
Jake Hanahan

Deflation
A rise in the value of money.
Jake Hanahan

Trade Unions
An organization of workers formed to advance its workers' interests.
Jake Hanahan

Industrial Unions
Unions which unite all workers in a particular industry.
Jake Hanahan

Blacklist
A list of corporate "troublemakers", which companies avoid hiring.
Jake Hanahan

Knights of Labor
A union founded in 1869, which used boycotts and arbitration to pressure employers.
Jake Hanahan

Arbitration
A process in which a third party helps workers and employers reach an agreement.
Jake Hanahan
American Federation of Labor
The dominant union of the late 1800s. It focused on promoting the intrests of skilled workers, and was founded in 1886.
Jake Hanahan

Samuel Gompers
The longest serving president of the American Federation of Labor, who was also their first president.
Jake Hanahan

Closed Shops
A policy where companies are only allowed to hire union members.
Jake Hanahan

Homestead Strike
A labor dispute in Homestead Pennsylvania, when the manager of a steel mill, who opposed unions, tried to cut wages by 20%, and then locked workers out of the plant and tried to bring in replacement workers, which resulted in a gunfight, killing several people on both sides.
Jake Hanahan

Pullman Strike
A strike in May 1894, in which railroad workers suffering from layoffs and decreased wages went on strike because these conditions made it difficult for them to pay their rent and the high prices at stores in the company town. The union made this strike national, and almost paralyzed the economy.
Jake Hanahan

Ellis Island
A tiny island in New York Harbor where immigrants from Europe usually disembarked and were processed.
Jake Hanahan

Ethnic groups
Groups of people from different cultures.
Jake Hanahan

Angel Island
An island in California where a barracks for Asian immigrants was opened in January 1910.
Jake Hanahan

Nativism
An extreme dislike of immigrants by native-born people.
Jake Hanahan

Chinese Exclusion act
A law passed in 1882, which barred Chinese immigration for 10 years, and prevented Chinese immigrants already in the country from becoming citizens.
Jake Hanahan

Rural
Having to do with the agricultural area of the country.
Jake Hanahan

Political Machines
Informal political groups designed to gain and keep power in the government.
Jake Hanahan
Graft
Getting money through dishonest or questionable means.
Jake Hanahan

Boss Tweed
The leader of Tammany Hall, the New York City Democratic political machine, during the 1860s and 1870s.
Jake Hanahan

Gilded Age
An age which at first seemed to be good, but turned out to be, in fact, not all that good for most of the country.
Jake Hanahan

Social Darwinism
The idea that Charles Darwin's law of evolution should apply to human society as well as nature.
Jake Hanahan

Evolution
The scientific idea that organisms have become as they are today through "survival of the fittest".
Jake Hanahan

Individualism
The belief that no matter how humble your origins, you can rise in society and go as far as your talents and commitment will take you.
Jake Hanahan

Gospel of Wealth
Andrew Carnegie's philosophy, that wealthy people should use their great fortunes to create the conditions for people to help themselves.
Jake Hanahan

Philanthropy
When wealthy people donate their money to help less fortunate people help themselves.
Jake Hanahan

Interstate Commerce Commission
An organization created in 1887 by the Interstate Commerce Act, which regulated the railroad industry and made sure that they had good rates for everyone.
Jake Hanahan

Sherman Antitrust Act
A law enacted in 1890, which prohibited any "combination... or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States."
Jake Hanahan

Social Gospel
A movement which worked to better conditions in cities according to the biblical ideals of charity and justice.
Jake Hanahan
Settlement House
A community center where Social Gospel reformers resided and offered many programs and benefits to the urban poor.
Jake Hanahan

Jane Adams
A reformer who opened Hull House in Chicago in 1889, and inspired other reformers.
Jake Hanahan

Americanization
A process in which public schools taught immigrant children English and American history, as well as about American culture, and tried to instill discipline and a strong work ethic.