U.s. History Unit 1: Colonization

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The Spanish were the first European nation to colonize North America

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Oldest European settlement in North America is St. Augustine, Florida

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The Virginia Company

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Charted by King James I. A joint-stock company that helped establish the first English colony in North America

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Joint-Stock Company

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A company that sells stock in itself and anyone who buys stock owns a portion of the company

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Jamestown

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First permanent English colony in North America. Established in Virginia in 1607.

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Problems in Jamestown

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1. Swampy location = Mosquitoes (diseases like yellow fever, malaria)

2. Swampy or brackish water (bad water) = Dysentery, dehydration.

3. Poor Leadership

4. Poor planning

5. Most of the people were gentleman farmers who were unaccustomed and unwilling to farm or do other manual labor.

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John Smith

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gave colony of Virginia the forceful leadership and got them on the right track to survive

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John Rolfe

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married Pocahontas. Developed a new form of tobacco, which became popular in Europe and gave the colony of Virginia financial prosperity

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cash crop

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A crop grown to sell and bring a profit

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Headright System

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Gave land to settlers who came to colonies. Received 50 acres of land for every ticket they bought

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Indentured servant

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A person who could not afford a ticket to the colonies and agreed to work for another person for 7-9 years in exchange for that person buying them a ticket

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Powhatan

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Native tribe found in Virginia area. Relationship was not good, always on edge and often times very violent. Lots of fighting.

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House of Burgess

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First representative government in the Colonies.

A House of Representatives. Created in Virginia in 1619 to make laws for the colony.

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Bacon's Rebellion

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Led by farmer Nathanial Bacon. Began in 1676. Fighting Natives on the frontier (outside the city/fort of Jamestown)

Highlighted two main ideas: 1. class differences between wealthy planters and poor farmers

2. Colonial resistance to royal control/authority

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Slavery

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Began in Virginia as an alternative labor source to Indentured servants, especially for the hard labor of growing crops, most notably tobacco.

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New England Colonies

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Founded MOSTLY for religious freedom and reasons

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Puritans

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Settled Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630

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Pilgrims

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Settled Plymouth colony in 1620 (second English Colony)

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Dissidents

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People who were forced to leave Plymouth colony because they violated rules or religious teachings

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Roger Williams

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Dissident who was forced to leave because he thought Indians should be treated fairly and religious tolerance. Founder of Rhode Island

Roger Williams = Rhode Island

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Connecticut

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Another colony created by Dissidents who were forced to leave Mass. Bay and Plymouth colony.

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Mayflower Compact

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First governmental document of Plymouth colony. First written framework for government in the colonies

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Half-way Covenant

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Sort of half-way membership for the children or grandchildren of church members. These young people had begun to focus less on religion. Not automatically damned to Hell for their lack of participation in church and religious events.

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New England and Natives

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Relationship between the two was not overly good. New Englanders believe that they HAD to convert the Natives to Christianity, force religious doctrine (no work, hunting on Sundays). Treated Indians as inferior beings, believed could take land from Natives not buy fairly.

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King Phillip's (Metacom's) War

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Fighting between Natives and New England colonists from 1675-1676. Natives led by Metacom (colonists called King Phillip). Lots of gruesome warfare and fighting. Colonists won

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Salem Witch Trials

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Began in Massachusetts in 1692 when a few young girls accused an elderly lady of being a witch. After a short time, some 20 men and women had been found guilty of witch craft and sentenced to death. Showed religious

extremeism and mass hysteria

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Navigation Acts

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Laws enacted by the British that restricted colonial trade to ONLY England. Many colonists
illegally traded and smuggled goods

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Loss of Massachusetts Charter

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1684. Punishment from King Charles II for the illegal trading of people in Mass. Lost corporate charter and became a royal colony

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Royal Colony

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Colony with no freedom or autonomy and under direct control of the King, usually through the

supervision of a royal governor or other representative of the crown.

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Dominion of New England

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Essentially all of New England was placed under control of one royal governor

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New Netherlands

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Founded by the Dutch in 1621. Capital was New Amsterdam. Most diverse of all the colonies

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New York and New Jersey

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New Netherlands was taken over by the British, who essentially stole it from the Dutch. Changed the name to New York and New Jersey.

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Pennsylvania

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Founded in 1682 by William Penn. Religious group there was the Quakers (Oatmeal guys)

Very religiously tolerant, great relations with the Natives.

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Quebec

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Founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608. He was French. Founded city of Quebec, later renamed New France.

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Why are the French in North America?

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Not colonizing like the English

1. Trading with Natives (esp. fur)

2. convert natives to Catholicism

3. Keep an eye on British

4. Show military and economic strength (having colonies, mercantilism)

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Southern Colonies

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Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. Much more slavery here. Based on agriculture

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Middle Colonies (Mid-Atlantic)

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Delaware, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania.

Mixture of southern and northern colonies with some industry and some agriculture. Most diverse colonies, most tolerant

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New England Colonies

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Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire. Mostly manufacturing. More cities (more urban). Settlement mostly for religious reasons.

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Mercantilism

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17th century economic policy where nations seek to improve their wealth and power by obtaining colonies, resources, and favorable balance of trade.

Government should regulate trade (what is traded, price, etc)

Colonies were to provide raw materials for cheap costs to mother country and then buy finished goods

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Triangular (Trans-Atlantic) trade

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Trade between Europe, Africa, and the New World (Americas).

Europe --> Africa: finished goods

Africa --> Americas: Slaves

Americas --> Europe: Raw materials, crops, etc

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Middle Passage

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Route between Africa and the Americas in Triangular trade. Slaves went from Africa to the Americas. Conditions were horrible. 15-30% of slaves on ships died.

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Slave culture

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Largest group of immigrants came to America not on their own free will. By 1775 20% of colonial population was of Africa decent, 90% of these Africans lived in the Southern colonies.

Combination of lots of different people from different areas, tribes, languages, religions, etc. were all forced to lived together. Developed a unique culture called "Slave culture"

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Ben Franklin

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"Started from the bottom, now we here"

Shows social mobility and individualism

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Great Awakening

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Religious revival that took place in the Colonies from the 1730s-1750s. Ministers traveled from town to town preaching about God. Large increase in the amount of Church attendance.

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Johnathan Edwards

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preacher during Great Awakening. Gave "Sinners in the hands of an angry God" sermon.

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George Whitfield

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One of the founders of Methodism. Preacher in Great Awakening.