Us History Mid-Term

Front 1

Headright System

Back 1

Provided every colonist with a plot of land
50 extra acres for every person they brought with them

Front 2

Jamestown/VA Company

Back 2

First successful English settlement
Founded by the Virginia Company

Front 3

Charter Colony

Back 3

A colony licensed to an individual, trading company, etc., by the British Crown

Front 4

Proprietary Colony

Back 4

A colony licensed to one or more individuals, usually land owners, by the British Crown

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Royal Colony

Back 5

A colony ruled by Royal officials from England

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Pilgrims

Back 6

1) Someone who journeys to foreign land
2) One of the colonists from England who sailed to America and founded the colony of Plymouth

Front 7

Mayflower Compact/ Puritans

Back 7

(1620) Document signed by 41 male passengers on the Mayflower to bind the group into a political body and pledge members to abide by any laws that would be established. The document adapted a church covenant to a civil situation and was the basis of the colony's government. (Mainly Puritans)

Front 8

"Mercantilism"/ Balance of Trade

Back 8

The balance of trade between a nation and its colonies. In addition, countries that import more than they export.

Front 9

Navigation Acts (1651 onwards)

Back 9

Series of laws that forbid American ships to trade with England

Front 10

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Back 10

Treaty signed between Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal in agreement and ended the 7 years War.
Made land limits for France and Britain, France no longer has land in continental North America. British Control extends to Mississippi

Front 11

Dominion of New England/ Sir Edmund Andros

Back 11

1) In 1686, all of New England was joined in an administrative merger
2) 2nd President of the Dominion, failed, lacked the correct skills

Front 12

Glorious Revolution- King William & Queen Mary

Back 12

(Revolution of 1688)
Overthrow of King James II of England by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by William III of Orange-Nassau.
William ascended English throne as William III of England with his wife Mary II of England

Front 13

Albany Plan/ Albany Congress

Back 13

1) Attempt at forming a union of colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary for defense and other general important purposes" during the French-Indian War
2) Meeting of representatives from 7 of the 13 colonies to discuss better relations with the Indian Tribes and common defensive measures against the French

Front 14

The French and Indian War

Back 14

A) Indians were being displaced by increasing numbers of settlers- French were more sympathetic to Indians
B) Indians were drawn into conflict between British and French
C) British won and Indian displacement was prolonged

Front 15

Proclamation of 1763

Back 15

Attempt to prevent colonial tensions with Native Americans by establishing Western boundary of colonies along Appalachian Mountains and established Southern boundary at start of Florida's territory

Front 16

Stamp Act (1765) & Stamp Act Congress

Back 16

1) All official and published documents in America needed a British stamp, paid for in British currency lead to "no taxation without representation"
2) Created Declaration of Rights and Grievances

Front 17

Quartering Act (1765)

Back 17

Required that colonists provide food, drink, quarters (Inns, stables, private residences, etc.), fuel, and transportation to British troops stationed in their towns or villages.

Front 18

"Rights of Englishmen"

Back 18

Traditional rights of English subjects created in documents like the Magna Carta
Colonists stated argued that they were not being treated as Englishmen

Front 19

Sons of Liberty

Back 19

Political group made up of American Patriots, formed to protect the rights of the colonists from the usurpations by the British government
Members: Paul Revere, John Hancock, John Adams, Sam Adams

Front 20

Townshend Acts (1767)

Back 20

Laws passed by Parliament for the British Colonies to help raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial rule
New York was punished for rebelling said acts

Front 21

Declaratory Act

Back 21

Declaration by the British Parliament accompanying the repeal of the Stamp Act, it also stated that Parliament's authority was the same in Americas as in Britain

Front 22

Boston Massacre

Back 22

Street fight between a "patriot" mob and British troops, killed 5 citizens and injured 5 more

Front 23

Committees of Correspondence

Back 23

Formed throughout colonies as a means of coordinating action against Great Britain, formed by legislatures and others by extra-governmental associations such as the Sons of Liberty

Front 24

Tea Act of 1773/ Boston Tea Party

Back 24

British East India Company given tea monopoly lowered price of tea
Lead to Boston Tea Party

Front 25

Coercive or "Intolerable" Acts

Back 25

A) Repealed quartering act
B) Took away voting rights from assembly
C) Closed ports until the tea was paid for

Front 26

First Continental Congress

Back 26

1) Representatives from all colonies (except Georgia) met to discuss their response to the British "Intolerable" Acts
2) Had Three Objectives
A) Compose a statement of colonial rights
B) Identify British Parliaments violation of these rights
C) Provide plan to convince Britain to restore those rights
3) Agreed to boycott British goods

Front 27

Second Continental Congress

Back 27

Managed colonial war effort and moved incrementally toward independence adopting the United States Declaration of Independence and to go against the Townshend Acts

Front 28

Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"

Back 28

Argument for American Independence from Britain

Front 29

Lexington & Concord

Back 29

First military engagements of the American Revolutionary War
Lexington: Minor brush or skirmish, first shot is unknown but both Captains were telling men to hold fire
Concord: Site of colonist militia supplies, colonist win, colonists were waiting atop of a hill and when they saw smoke they assumed their houses were being burnt so they headed back to town where they encountered the British force and sent them retreating back to Boston

Front 30

Battle of Bunker Hill

Back 30

Two-day engagement between British forces under the command of General William Howe and American forces under Colonel William Prescott. Americans trying to protect shipyard, ran out of ammunition and retreated, told to fire when you see the whites of their eyes.

Front 31

The Declaration of Independence

Back 31

Agreement between America and Great Britain recognizing the Americas as a separate country, free from British rule

Front 32

General George Washington

Back 32

Dominant military and political leader; lead the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War, presided over the writing of the Constitution in 1787, and was the United States first president.

Front 33

Battles of Trenton & Princeton (& Hessians)

Back 33

Trenton: Colonists won, crossing of the Delaware River on Christmas Eve, ambushed drunk Hessians (December 24, 1776)
Princeton: Second victory in a row for colonists, helped keep soldiers and helped obtain more for army
Hessians: German regiments hired by British Empire

Front 34

Battle of Saratoga

Back 34

Colonist victory against Burgoyne

Front 35

Treaty of Alliance with France

Back 35

During American Revolution French recognized United States as an independent nation, offered trade concessions, and if France joined the War (between Britain and US), both would fight until independence was won, neither would sign a peace treaty of a truce without consent of the other

Front 36

Battle of King's Mountain

Back 36

Colonists won, turning point in South, proved that British were not invincible

Front 37

Battle of Yorktown/ General Cornwallis

Back 37

Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington's arm (October 19, 1781), Rochambeau was persuaded by GW to help attack New York, before it happened GW slipped away to join De Grasse in his fight at Yorktown
Last major battle of the American Revolutionary War

Front 38

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Back 38

A) British recognizes US independence
B) Establishes boundary (Mississippi River and South of Great Lakes) and Britain said they would remove troops quickly from territories
C) Northern and Southern boundaries= ambiguous
D) Florida goes to Spain
E) US can fish off of Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence
F) Can't prevent British merchants from collecting re-existing war debts
G) Loyalists property must be returned, won't persecute them
H) US is allowed to keep slaves
I) Britain gets free navigation of the Mississippi River

Front 39

Article of Confederation

Back 39

Strengths:
1) To Declare War and make peace
2) To coin and borrow money
3) To deal with foreign countries and sign treaties
4) To operate post offices
Weaknesses:
1) National government could not force the states to obey its laws
2) It did not have the power to tax
3) It did not have the power to enforce laws
4) Congress lacked strong and steady leadership
5) There was no national army or navy
6) There was no system of national courts
7) Each state could issue its own paper money
8) Each state could put tariffs on trade between states

Front 40

Land Ordinance of 1785

Back 40

1) Raise money through the sale of land in Western territories
2) Created grid system and created distribution of land

Front 41

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Back 41

1) Outlawed slavery in the Northwest
2) Ohio is Northern border

Front 42

Shays' Rebellion

Back 42

Massachusetts has high taxes because of war debt
Demands:
A) More flexible monetary (financial) policy
B) Laws allowed use of wheat/corn as money
C) Postponement of taxes

Front 43

VA, NJ Plans & Great Compromise

Back 43

VA:
A) Power at center determined by population
B) Created Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches
C) National government, with laws applying to people and states (Diff. from NJ Plan)
D) 2 houses of Congress; power by popular vote, upper by nominees from state legislatures (diff. from NJ Plan)
NJ:
A) Equal representation at national level for all states
B) One congress: Power to levy taxes, regulate commerce, name executives and supreme court
Great Compromise:
A) Connecticut Compromise
B) House (lower)- decided by population every 2 years
C) Senate elected by Legislature: Equally represented, 6 year term, and more power/prestige

Front 44

3/5 Compromise

Back 44

Decided that for the purpose of representation in Congress and taxes slaves would count as 3/5 of a person

Front 45

Separation of Powers/ Checks & Balances

Back 45

System set forth in the US Constitution which divides governing power between the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Branches. Each branch exercises some form of authority over the others, thereby balancing power across many individuals and institutions.

Front 46

Federalists V. Anti-Federalists

Back 46

Federalists (Hamiltonians):
A) Advocates for the ratification of the Constitution
B) Assume state Debt
C) For the charter of the B.U.S.
D) Strong central government run by wealthy elite
E) Loose interpretation of Constitution
Anti-Federalists:
A) Opponents of the Constitution
B) Favored more decentralized federal system
C) Secure states rights by weak national government
D) Strict interpretation of the Constitution

Front 47

The Federalists Papers

Back 47

Published to persuade New York voters to ratify the proposed Constitution
List of 85 essays describing why this type of government is the best choice for the US

Front 48

Whiskey Rebellion

Back 48

Tax protest in Pennsylvania because of the excise tax on whiskey

Front 49

Assumption Act of 1790

Back 49

1) Federal government assumes state debt
2) People represent Federal government

Front 50

Bank of the United States

Back 50

1) Agency to handle governments finances
2) Creates a standard currency

Front 51

Loose V. Strict Construction

Back 51

Loose Construction:
States that the Federal government can take reasonable actions that the constitution does not specifically forbid
Strict Construction:
Believe Federal government should do only what the constitution specifically says it can do

Front 52

Republicans (Jeffersonians)

Back 52

1) Against charter of the B.U.S.
2) Desired decentralized agrarian republic

Front 53

Federalists (Hamiltonians)

Back 53

A) Advocates for the ratification of the Constitution
B) Assume state Debt
C) For the charter of the B.U.S.
D) Strong central government run by wealthy elite
E) Loose interpretation of Constitution

Front 54

Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)

Back 54

Passing of four acts:
1) The Naturalization Act: extended residency period from 5 to 14 years for those aliens seeking citizenship. (Targeted at Irish and French)
2) The Alien Act: allowed deportation of aliens deemed dangerous during peacetime
3) The Alien Enemies Act: allowed deportation or imprisonment of aliens deemed dangerous during wartime. (Targeted at French)
4) The Sedition Act: right to fine or imprison individuals who criticized the Government, Congress, or President in speech or print

Front 55

Kentucky & VA Resolutions (1798)

Back 55

Political statements drafted in Kentucky and Virginia legislatures resolved to not abide by Alien and Sedition Acts
Argued that the Acts were unconstitutional and therefore void

Front 56

"X, Y, Z Affair" (1797)

Back 56

Three French agents were sent to the Americas to demand a $250,000 bribe for them and a $12 million loan to France in order for Talleyrand to agree to peaceful negotiations

Front 57

Barbary Pirates & Chesapeake Affair

Back 57

Barbary Pirates:
Pirates on the Barbary Coast in North Africa who killed soldiers and stole US ships
Chesapeake Affair:
USS Chesapeake was raided for people and goods by British forces, Britain fired shots but US did not want to go to war (neutrality)

Front 58

Louisiana Purchase

Back 58

1) US paid France $15 million for Mississippi Valley West of the River
2) Doubled size of US territory
3) Debate whether or not it was constitutional because there was no mention of acquiring lands in the Constitution

Front 59

Marshall Court & Marbury V. Madison

Back 59

John Marshall:
Federalist, Chief Justice under Adams and Jefferson, and Pillar of judicial nationalism
Marbury V. Madison:
A) Overseen by John Marshall
B) Sparked by John Adams' "midnight appointments"
C) Significance: Supreme Court asserted its right to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional/nullify law

Front 60

The Embargo Act of 1807

Back 60

Stopped all trade with foreign countries
Prohibited American ships from leaving to foreign ports and prohibited British ships from docking at American ports

Front 61

Non-Intercourse Act

Back 61

Resumed trade with all nations except Britain and France
Gave President power to control trade

Front 62

Macon's Bill #2

Back 62

Reopened trade with Britain and France but if either stopped harassing American shipping the other would be Embragoed

Front 63

William Henry Harrison

Back 63

9th President of the US
First President to die in office
Nicknamed "Old Tippecanoe"
General in War of 1812 and his most notable contribution was a victory at the Battle of the Thames
Governor of Indian Territory

Front 64

Battle of Tippecanoe/ Tecumseh

Back 64

Tecumseh:
Shawnee leader who attempted to unite Indians and defend hunting grounds against American Expansion
Battle:
Americans lost the battle and Harrison burned the Indian camp

Front 65

War Hawks

Back 65

Congress that were foes of Great Britain and supporters of expansion by the United States
West War Hawk Leader: Henry Clay
South War Hawk Leader: John C. Calhoun

Front 66

Hartford Convention

Back 66

Secret meeting of Federalist party delegates from New England states who opposed the War of 1812

Front 67

Battle of New Orleans

Back 67

Final major battle of the War of 1812
American forces lead by Jackson defeated an invading British force intent on seizing New Orleans and other land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase

Front 68

Andrew Jackson

Back 68

Major General during War of 1812
His views shaped modern day Democratic Party
Renowned for his toughness, he was nicknamed "Old Hickory"

Front 69

Treaty of Ghent

Back 69

Ended fighting of the War of 1812
Both sides returned prisoners
Restored boundaries and clarified boundaries of US and Canada

Front 70

John C. Calhoun

Back 70

Vice President (SC) during Jackson's first term
Led the null and void declaration against the tariff of 1828 and 1832, was the main enemy to Jackson when concerning the force bill

Front 71

Henry Clay/ "American System"

Back 71

A plan to strengthen and unify the nation, advanced by Whig party, and pushed forth a new form of Federalism:
A) Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government
B) Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue
C) Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency
D) Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales revenues

Front 72

Tariff of 1816

Back 72

Tariff on foreign goods because trade industry was cheaper

Front 73

Adams-Onis Treaty

Back 73

Treaty giving US territorial rights over Florida
Also established the US- Spain border in Texas

Front 74

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Back 74

1) Established as a way to regulate slavery/free states in the Western territories of the US
2) North of the parallel 36-30 north no slave states could be formed, and below it slave states could exist
3) Missouri was added as a slave state and Maine as a free state

Front 75

Monroe Doctrine

Back 75

1) US cannot be colonized by any European power
2) US will not interfere with any existing European colonies
3) Any European power in the same hemi-sphere as US will be taken as a danger to the US
4) US won't interfere with any European wars or internal affairs

Front 76

McCulloch V Maryland

Back 76

Dispute between the state of Maryland and the Bank of the United States; Maryland wanted to tax the Bank on all notes not chartered in Maryland
Established 2 fundamental principles:
1) The Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government
2) State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government

Front 77

Gibbons V Ogden

Back 77

The New York Legislature passed a law giving a monopoly on steamship travel in New York State to a group of investors and Aaron Ogden and Thomas Gibbons, another steamship trader, wanted to use the New York waterways for his business, he had been given federal permission to do so but he was denied access to these waterways by the State of New York
It was one of the most important decisions of the early Supreme Court, the court stated that the federal commerce clause outranked a state law

Front 78

The Election of 1824/ "The Corrupt Bargain"

Back 78

Between Jackson, Quincy Adams, and Clay; neither of them gained 50 + 1 votes in the electoral college, Clay with the least dropped out and when it was brought to the House Clay bribed them to pick Adams
Adams became President and Clay was Secretary of State

Front 79

The Election of 1828

Back 79

Adams starts spreading rumors about Jackson:
A) He is the first non-prominent man to run
B) Says Jackson's wife is a "whore"
Also rise of two new political parties: Democrats and Republicans

Front 80

National Republicans

Back 80

A) Referred to as "Adams Men" or Anti-Jackson
B) National/internal development was priority
C) Set up a national university

Front 81

Jacksonians/ Democratic- Republicans

Back 81

A) Unstable coalition of northern industrial workers who were against monopolies
B) Represented the Common Man
C) Opposed Tariffs

Front 82

Whig Party

Back 82

A) Anti-Jackson
B) Supporters of Henry Clay
C) Support high tariffs
D) Antagonist to democratic party
E) Economic nationalism
F) Promoted abolitionism

Front 83

"Spoils System"

Back 83

Strategy used by Jackson to replace governmental officials with people who would support him in making decisions

Front 84

Tariff of 1828/ "Tariff of Abominations"

Back 84

A) Protected North American industry
B) Angered South, cut revenues by nearly $5 million but only on unprotected items

Front 85

South Carolina Exposition & Protest

Back 85

Protested tariff of 1828 and stated that if it was not repealed, SC would secede from the Union
Favored Calhoun's Doctrine of Nullification

Front 86

South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification

Back 86

South Carolina adopted repudiating the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 saying they were unconstitutional, Jackson said he would not change the tariff but he said lower rates and called it "impractical absurdity" and believed South Carolina wanted disunion

Front 87

Force Bill

Back 87

Gave the President (Jackson) power of the army to compel compliance of South Carolina in not following disunion

Front 88

Tariff Act of 1833

Back 88

Proposed by Clay and Calhoun as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis
Adopted to gradually reduce the rates after southerners objected to the protectionism which had prompted SC to threaten succession from the Union

Front 89

Second Bank of the US

Back 89

1832, recharter of the Bank, only 1/5 of the board proposed are government appointed, and Jackson vetoes the charter

Front 90

Jackson's Bank Veto (1832)

Back 90

Before Jackson's reelection the Bank of the US went up for charter 4 years early
This was a plan that would hopefully mean that if Jackson vetoed it people would dislike him and if he didn't his party would
However, he vetoed the bill and won his second election

Front 91

"Pet Banks"

Back 91

State banks selected by the US Department of Treasury to receive surplus government funds in 1833

Front 92

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Back 92

Moves Indians west of the Mississippi River, Jackson's "humane" act

Front 93

Cherokee Nation V Georgia

Back 93

1831
Marshall gives them domestic foreign nations status, therefore saying that the Indians have no right to sue Georgia
Georgia Wins

Front 94

Worcester V Georgia

Back 94

1832
Missionary who wanted to convert Indians in Georgia territory, Marshall said that Georgia does not have the right to interfere with Indian lands, only the federal government can
-Partial Indian victory, more federal victory

Front 95

Trail of Tears

Back 95

1838
12 thousand Cherokees walk 1 thousand miles westward with other Indians
One of Van Buren's first decrees
3 thousand die and 15 thousand traveled total