U.s History

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Joint stock company

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A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company’s profits and debts.

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Pilgrims and Puritans contrasted

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The Pilgrims were separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatist groups were illegal in England, so the Pilgrims fled to America and settled in Plymouth. The Puritans were non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England

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Triangular trade

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historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come. Triangular trade thus provides a method for rectifying trade imbalances between these regions.

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Great Awakening

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was a religious revival in American religious history. There were three--some say four--such periods of fervor, each characterized by widespread revivals led by evangelical Protestant ministers, a sharp increase in interest in religion, a profound sense of conviction and redemption on the part of those affected, a jump in evangelical church membership, and the formation of new religious movements and denominations. After a generation or so, the fervor calmed and faded away.

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Sugar Act

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the act stated: "it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this Kingdom ... and ... it is just and necessary that a revenue should be raised ... for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same." The earlier Molasses Act of 1733, which had imposed a tax of six pence per gallon of molasses, had never been effectively collected due to colonial evasion. By reducing the rate by half and increasing measures to enforce the tax, the British hoped that the tax would actually be collected. These incidents increased the colonists' concerns about the intent of the British Parliament and helped the growing movement that became the American Revolution.

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Stamp Act

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is a law enacted by government that requires a tax to be paid on the transfer of certain documents.

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Boston Tea party

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n. event which occurred on the 16th of December 1773 in which American Colonists stormed British ships and threw chests of tea into Boston Harbor in protest of British taxation policies (U.S. History)

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revolutionary war

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Revolutionary War
(1775-1783) The American Revolution, war in which American colonists fought for and won independence from Great Britain

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inflation

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n. increase in the supply of money in relation to the amount of goods available resulting in a rise in prices; act of filling with air or gas; state of being filled with air or gas

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Marquis de Lafayette

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(1757-1834) French teenager who volunteered to help fight for the Colonial cause in the American Revolution (served as an important aide to George Washington)

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North west Ordinance of 1787

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was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River. On August 7, 1789, the U.S. Congress affirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications under the Constitution.

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Ratification

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n. certification, approval, sanction, authorization

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Bill Of rights

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is a list of the most important rights of the citizens of a country. The purpose of these bills is to protect those rights against infringement by the government.

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Two Party System

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is a form of party system where two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all elections, at every level. As a result, all, or nearly all, elected offices end up being held by candidates endorsed by one of the two major parties. Coalition governments occur only rarely in two-party systems. The effective number of parties in a two-party system is normally within the range of 1.7 to 2.1.

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Diff. Between Thomas Jefferson and Alex.Hamilton

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Political Differences

On The Constitution --

Hamilton thought that the Constitution could be taken loosely and implied powers could be used. Jefferson thought the Constitution was to be taken literally, and if the Constitution didn't expressly state the power, the government didn't have it.

On The Government's Power --

Hamilton thought that government should be strong and should wield a lot of power. Jefferson, however, thought the government should be weak, subordinate to the states.

On The Economy --

Hamilton thought the economy should lean towards urban manufacturing. Jefferson preferred the economy to stay agriculturally based.

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spoils system

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practice of giving of benefits, system of providing advantages

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Nullification Crisis

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was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by South Carolina's 1832 Ordinance of Nullification. This ordinance declared, by the power of the State itself, that the federal Tariff of 1828 and the federal Tariff of 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of South Carolina. The controversial, and highly protective, Tariff of 1828 (also called the "Tariff of Abominations") was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams. Opposed in the South and parts of New England, the tariff’s opponents expected that the election of Jackson as President would result in the tariff being significantly reduced.

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Trail of tears

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path taken in 1838 by 17000 Cherokee Indians after being forcibly relocated from their homes in the Southeast to designated lands in Oklahoma (U.S. History)

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manifest destiny

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was the 19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. It was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico; the concept was denounced by Whigs, and fell into disuse after the mid 1850s.

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texas revolution

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was a military conflict between Mexico and settlers in the Texas portion of the Mexican state Coahuila y Tejas. The war lasted from October 2, 1835 to April 21, 1836. However, a war at sea between Mexico and Texas would continue into the 1840s. Animosity between the Mexican government and the American settlers in Texas (who were called Texians), as well as many Texas residents of Mexican ancestry, began with the Siete Leyes of 1835, when Mexican President and General Antonio López de Santa Anna abolished the federal Constitution of 1824 and proclaimed the more centralizing 1835 constitution in its place.

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republic of california

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also called the Bear Flag Republic, is the name used for a revolt against Mexico proclaimed by California settlers on June 14, 1846, in Sonoma in the then-Mexican province of California. Declared during the Mexican–American War, the "republic" was a popular revolt; the participants never formed a government, and the "republic" was never recognized by any nation. The revolt lasted 26 days, at which time the U.S. Army took control of the area. It is most notable for creating the "Bear Flag", with insignia that appear on the modern state flag.

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market revolution

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(1793–1860) in the United States was a drastic change in the manual labor system originating in south (but was soon moved to the north) and later spread to the entire world. Traditional commerce was made obsolete by improvements in transportation and communication. This change prompted the reincarnation of the mercantilist ideas that were thought to have died out. This is thought to have been caused by increasing industrialization, such as Eli Whitney's invention, the Cotton Gin. As a result of the revolution, isolationism became dominant and North America was left waiting to explode into the American Civil War. In other words, the north started to have a more powerful economy that was starting to challenge the economies of some mid-sized European cities at the time

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abolitionism

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principles held by abolitionists; opposition to slavery

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Fredrick Douglas

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was an American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining renown for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing. Douglass also actively supported women's suffrage. Following the Civil War, he worked on behalf of equal rights for freedmen, and held multiple public offices. His classic autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, is one of the best known accounts of American slavery.

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Nat Turner

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was an American slave who led a slave rebellion in Virginia on August 21, 1831 that resulted in 56 deaths among their victims, the largest number of white fatalities to occur in one uprising in the antebellum southern United States. He gathered supporters in Southampton County, Virginia. Turner's killing of whites during the uprising makes his legacy controversial. For his actions, Turner was convicted, sentenced to death, and executed. In the aftermath, the state executed 56 blacks accused of being part of Turner's slave rebellion. Two hundred blacks were also beaten and killed by white militias and mobs reacting with violence. Across Virginia and other southern states, state legislators passed new laws prohibiting education of slaves and free blacks, restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for free blacks, and requiring white ministers to be present at black worship services.

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transcendentalism

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philosophy which holds that reasoning is key to understanding reality (assoc. with Kant); philosophy which stresses intuition and spirituality (assoc. with Ralph Waldo Emerson); transcendental character or quality

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States.

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secession

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withdrawal from an alliance or organization

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underground Railroad

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secret system of escape routes used by slaves to reach the free states in the North (before the American Civil War)

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Uncle Tom`s Cabin

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book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 about about slavery

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Fort Sumter

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is a Third System masonry coastal fortification located in Charleston harbor, South Carolina. The fort is best known as the site upon which the shots initiating the American Civil War were fired, at the Battle of Fort Sumter.

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Antietam

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creek that flows from southern Pennsylvania through northwest Maryland into the Potomac river (USA), creek that was the site of the Battle of Antietam in 1862 during the American Civil War

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emancipation proclamation

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order made by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 that freed all southern slaves (did not take effect until the end of the Civil War in 1865)

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Dred Scott

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1795-1858) slave who appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court to achieve freedom (lost the case in a court decision that sparked major controversy between the northern and southern USA)

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Gettysburg

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city in southern Pennsylvania (USA), site of the Battle of Gettysburg (largest battle of the Civil War)

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Gettysburg Address

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n. famous speech about the Civil War made by President Abraham Lincoln on the 19th of November 1863 at the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery

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thirteenth amendment

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which abolished slavery

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Andrew Johnson

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17th president His tenure was highly controversial as his positions favoring the white South came under heavy political attack from Republicans.

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14th amendment

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which grants citizenship to all people born in the US (and subject to the jurisdiction thereof) and prohibits individual states from infringing on civil and political rights

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Dawes Act

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was enacted by the U.S. Congress regarding the distribution of land to Native Americans in Oklahoma. It was signed into law February 8, 1887. Named after its sponsor, U.S. Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts, the act was amended in 1891 and again in 1906 by the Burke Act. The act remained in effect until 1934. The act provided for the division of tribally held lands into individually-owned parcels and opening "surplus" lands to settlement by non-Indians and development by railroads.

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homestead act

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is one of several United States federal laws that gave an applicant freehold title to up to 160 acres (1/4 section, 65 hectares) of undeveloped federal land outside the original 13 colonies. The law required three steps: file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. Anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government, including freed slaves, could file an application and evidence of improvements to a federal land office.

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Soddy

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Consisting of sod; covered with sod; turfy basically a house.

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Bonanza Farms

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were very large farms in the United States performing large-scale operations, mostly growing and harvesting wheat. Bonanza farms were made possible by a number of factors including: the efficient new farming machinery of the 1870s, the cheap abundant land available during that time period, the growth of eastern markets in the U.S., and the completion of most major railroads.

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Horizontal Integration

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integrative of companies that have similar ranges of activity in production and marketing

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Vertical Integration

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merger of companies that have a similar range of activity in marketing and production in order to gain more control in that range


.

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Rockerfeller

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founder of the Standard Oil Company and the six-generation family dynasty, and the richest person in history

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Pullman Strike

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was a nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that occurred in the United States in 1894. The conflict began in the town of Pullman, Illinois on May 11 when approximately 3,000 employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages, bringing traffic west of Chicago to a halt. The American Railway Union, the nation's first industry-wide union, led by Eugene V. Debs, subsequently became embroiled in what The New York Times described as "a struggle between the greatest and most important labor organization and the entire railroad capital" that involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states at its peak.

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labor unions

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is an organization of workers that have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labour contracts (collective bargaining) with employers. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies. The agreements negotiated by the union leaders are binding on the rank and file members and the employer and in some cases on other non-member workers.

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Knights Of Labor

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was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th Century. It was established in 1869 and reached a peak membership of nearly three-quarters of a million members by the middle of the 1880s, before beginning a period of rapid decline in size and influence, being supplanted by the American Federation of Labor in the 1890s. Remnants of the Knights of Labor continued in existence until 1949, when the group's last 50-member local was absorbed into the AF of L.

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AFL (American Federation of Labor)

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American association of trade unions

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Social Gospel Movement

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movement is a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially social justice, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, weak labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. Theologically, the Social Gospel leaders were overwhelmingly post-millennialist. That is because they believed the Second Coming could not happen until humankind rid itself of social evils by human effort. Social Gospel leaders were predominantly associated with the liberal wing of the Progressive Movement and most were theologically liberal, although they were typically conservative when it came to their views on social issues. Important leaders include Richard T. Ely, Washington Gladden, and Walter Rauschenbusch.

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Muckrackers

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is, primarily, a reporter or writer who investigates and publishes truthful reports involving a host of social issues, broadly including crime and corruption and often involving elected officials, political leaders and influential members of business and industry. The term is closely associated with a number of important writers who emerged in the 1890s through the 1930s, a period roughly concurrent with the Progressive Era in the United States

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Progressive Era

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in the United States was a period of reform that flourished from the 1890s to the 1920s. Keeping corruption out of politics was a main goal of the progressive era, with many Progressives trying to expose and undercut political machines and bosses. Many Progressives supported prohibition in order to destroy the political power based in saloons. At the same time, women's suffrage was promoted to

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Teddy Rosevelt

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was the 26th President of the United States. He is famous for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, model of masculinity, and his "cowboy" image. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party of 1912. Before becoming President (1901–1909) he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.