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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Dual federalism |
Both state and national governments are equal authorities operating within their own spheres of influence |
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Doctrine of nullification |
States had the right to nullify national laws that they believed contradicted with state interests |
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Doctrine of secession |
The idea that states had the right to separate themselves from the Union |
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Cooperative federalism |
Federalism under the New Deal |
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Creative federalism |
An approach to solving national problems that involves releasing national funds, in the form of grants to state and local communities |
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New federalism |
The return of authority to state governments during the 1980s |
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Devolution |
The idea of returning power to the state |
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p. 112 |
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Fiscal federalism |
A system of spending, taxing, and providing aid in the federal system |
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Grants-in-aid |
Include money and other resources that the national government provides to pay for state and local activities |
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Categorical grants |
Grants used only for a specific purpose |
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Block grants |
Federal grants that are given for more general purposes or for broad policy areas, such as welfare, public health |
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Federal mandates |
Demands on states to carry out certain policies as a condition of receiving grant money |
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p. 206 |
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Income tax |
A tax on a person's or corporation's income |
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Progressive tax |
A tax whose rates increase as the amount that is subject to taxation increases |
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Payroll tax |
Makes up about 34 percent of federal revenues |
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Regressive tax |
A tax that has a greater impact on lower income earners than on upper income earners |
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Proportional tax |
A tax that is applied at the same rate against all income |
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Bond |
A financial instrument by which a borrower agrees to pay back borrowed money |
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Federal debt |
A total sum of money that the government has borrowed and not repaid |
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Mandatory spending |
Spending required by laws and not subject to annual budget process |
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Discretionary spending |
Spending subject to the annual budget process |
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Fiscal policy |
A policy that is related to federal budget and tax laws |
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Monetary policy |
A policy that deals with money |
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p. 220 |
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Jurisdiction |
The authority to decide and hear a case |
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Exclusive jurisdiction |
The sole right to hear a case |
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Concurrent jurisdiction |
Refers to cases that fall under both state and federal jurisdiction |
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Plaintiff |
Person making the legal complaint can file his or her case in federal or state court |
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Defendant |
The person against whom the complaint is filed, can insist that the case be tried in federal court |
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Original jurisdiction |
The court that first hears the case |
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Appellate jurisdiction |
If a case moves to a higher court |
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Judicial restraint |
Judges who exercise restraint when interpreting the Constitution |
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Judicial activism |
A judge who exercises activism |
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Precedent |
A previous court ruling |
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Senatorial courtesy |
The courtesy of the Senate |
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p. 227 |
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Grand juries |
To hear evidence of a possible crime and to recommended whether the evidence is sufficient to file criminal charges |
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Bankruptcy |
A legal process by which persons who cannot pay money they owe others can receive court protection and assistance in settling their financial problems |
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Magistrate judges |
The officials who are known as magistrate judges |
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Misdemeanor |
Minor criminal cases punishable by one year or less of prison time--and certain civil cases |
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Public defenders |
Defenders appointed by the panel of judges who make up the court of appeals |
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Marshals |
US officers who provide security and police protection at federal courthouses |
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Appellant |
Usually has to show that the original ruling was based on a legal mistake |
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Briefs |
Written arguments from both sides of a case |
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Sovereign immunity |
A sovereign nation is immune from being sued unless it agrees to be sued |
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Courts-martial |
Court cases held by the military to determine violations of military codes |
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p. 233 |
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Wit of certiorari |
An order seeking review of the lower court case |
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Docket |
A list of cases to be heard |
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Majority opinion |
A form that is signed by at least five of the nine members of the Court |
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Concurring opinions |
Opinions that agree with the overall conclusion of a car but stress some different or additional legal reasoning |
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Dissenting opinions |
Those held by the minority of the justices who do not agree with a ruling in a case |
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p. 20 |
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Ideal |
Conception of something in its most perfect form |
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Liberty |
The ability of people to act and think as they chose so long as their choices do no harm to the liberty or well-being of others |