Urogenital

Front 1

both the urinary and the repro systems develop from _____ which forms a ___

Back 1

intermediate mesoderm, urogenital ridge

Front 2

urinary system consists of (4)

Back 2

kidneys (produce urine), ueters (convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder), the bladder, urethra

Front 3

what are the functional units of the kidney ?

Back 3

nephrons

Front 4

what are the three kidneys that form in the human embryos

Back 4

pronephroi, mesonephroi, metanephroi

Front 5

what week do the pronephrois appear and are arranged where?

Back 5

4th, segmentally arranged cell and pronephric tubuli structures in the cervical region of the intermediate mesoderm

Front 6

___ run caudally and open into the cloaca

Back 6

pronephric ducts

Front 7

the pronephroi degenerate but the __ persist and are used by the next set of kidneys

Back 7

pronephric ducts

Front 8

what week do the meonephroi appear and how do they arrise

Back 8

4th, arise from cell clusters-->vesicles-->tubules

Front 9

tubules contact pronephric duct which is now called ___

Back 9

mesonephric duct

Front 10

mesonephric kidneys consist of __ and ___

Back 10

glomeruli and tubules,

Front 11

the mesonephric tubules open into bilateral ___ which were originally the ___

Back 11

mesonephric ducts, pronephric ducts

Front 12

the mesonephric ducts open into the ___.

When do the meonephroi degenerate?

what do their tubules become?

Back 12

cloaca, toward end of the first trimester, the efferent ductules of the testes

Front 13

what are the permanent kidneys called ?

Back 13

Metanephroi

Front 14

when do the permanent kidneys develop and when do they start functioning

Back 14

5th, 10th

Front 15

urine is produced and excreted into ___. The fetus drinks this and wastes are absorbed and removed via the ___

Back 15

amniotic fluid, placenta

Front 16

metanephroi develop from 2 sources both of mesodermal origin what are they ?

Back 16

metanephric diverticulum and metanephric blastema

Front 17

metanephric diverticulum begins as an outgrowth from the ___ near the ___. What does it give rise to (6)?

Back 17

mesonephric duct, cloaca

ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calices and collecting ducts and tubules

Front 18

where is the metanephric blastema located?

as collecting tubules form, they induce the mesoderm to do what?

Back 18

caudal part of the nephrogenic cord

form clusters--->vesicles-->tubules-->nephrons

Front 19

the stalk of the metanephric diverticulum becomes the?

Back 19

ureter

Front 20

the __ portion of the diverticulum undergoes repetitive ___ events forming the __ which differentiate into the collecting tubules of the ___

Back 20

cranial, branching, branches, metanephros

Front 21

____ generation tubules become confluent and form major calices

___ generation coalesce and form minor calices

Back 21

1st four, 2nd four

Front 22

the end of the ___ induces clusters of ___ cells to form small metanephric vesicles that elongate to form ___ . the promixmal ends of these are invaginated by ?

Back 22

collecting tubules, mesenchymal, metanephric tubules, glomeruli

Front 23

__ and __ have reciprocal inductive influence.

the differentiation of ___ depends on inductive signals from the other.

Back 23

metanephric diverticulum and mesoderm

both primordia

Front 24

what is reciprocal induction?

Back 24

branching of the metanephric diverticulum is dependent on induction by the metanephric mesenchyme. The metanephric diverticulum and the metanephrogenic blastema interact and induce eachother to form the permanent kidneys

Front 25

differentiation of the nephrons depends on indcution by the ___

Back 25

collecting tubules

Front 26

how are the uriniferous tubules formed?

Back 26

the metanephric tubules,the primordia of the nephrons, become continuous with the collecting tubules and form uriniferous tubules

Front 27

the uriniferous ubules consists of two embryologically different parts, what are they?

Back 27

1. a nephron derived from the metanephrogenic blastema

2. a collecting tubules derviced from the metanephric diverticulum (ureteric bud)

Front 28

what are the abnormalities (4) of the kidneys and ureter and what % of pop.

Back 28

3-4%

Renal agenesis-unilateral or bilateral

ectopic kidneys (abnormal position)

horseshoe kidney (inferior poles are fused)

duplications of upper urinary tract

Front 29

the cloaca is divided by ___ into ___ and ___

Back 29

urorectal septum, dorsal rectum and ventral urogenital sinus

Front 30

bladder and urethra are derived from ___ and ___

Back 30

UG sinus and adjacent mesoderm

Front 31

as bladder enlarges, ___ parts of ___ are incorporated into the wall and therefore __ enter bladder directly

Back 31

caudal, mesonephric ducts, ureters

Front 32

initially the bladder is continuous with ___.

What becomes the median umbilical ligament

Back 32

allantois, urachus

Front 33

The early genital systems in the 2 sexes are similar; therefore, the initial period of genital development is referred to as?

Back 33

the indifferent stage of sexual development

Front 34

when is genetic sex of an embryo determined? and what does this depend on?

Back 34

at fertilization

depending on the type of sperm that fertilizes the secondary oocyte

Front 35

The gonads (testes and ovaries) are derived from 3 sources what are they

Back 35

1) mesothelium (meodermal epithelium), lining the posterior abdominal wall

2) underlying mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)

3) primordial germ cells

Front 36

with an XX sex chromosome complex: the __ of the ___ differentiates into an ovary.

with an XY sex chromosome complex: the __ differentiates into__, and the ___ regresses, except for vestigial remnants

Back 36

cortex, indifferent

medulla, testis, cortex

Front 37

___ cells are visible in the __week among the __ cells fo the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac) near the origin of the ___.

Back 37

primordial germ cells, 4th, endodermal, allantois

Front 38

The primordial germ cells migrate along the __ of the hindgut to the ____

Back 38

dorsal mesentery, gonadal ridges

Front 39

during the __ week, the primordial germ cells enter the underlying mesenchyme and are incorporated in the ____.

The migration of the promordial germ cells is regulated by the genes __, __, and ___

Back 39

6th , gonadal cords

stella, fragilis and BMP-4

Front 40

before the __ week gonads of 2 sexes are identical in appearance and are called ___

Back 40

7th, indifferent gonads

Front 41

what determines testicular differentiation

what results in the formation of an ovary?

Back 41

testis-determining factor (TDF): a SRY gene product localized in the Y chromosome

absence of Y chromosome (absence of TDF)

Front 42

what do Gonadal sex cords become (3)? and under the involvement of what 2 genes?

Back 42

seminiferous tubules (Sox9 and FGF9), tubuli recti, and rete testes as they branch and anastomose

Front 43

what do the walls of the seminiferous tubules include? (2)

Back 43

1) spermatogonia derived from primordial germ cells

2) sertoli cells derived from surface mesothelium

Front 44

what are leydig cells derived from and what do they do?

Back 44

mesoderm and lie between seminiferous tubules

secrete testosterone in 8th week which influences development of indifferent ducts and external genitalia

Front 45

explain the development of ovary from indifferent gonad (5)

Back 45

1) develops more slowly than testes

2) gonadal sex cord degenerates

3) cortical cords form and incorproate primordial germ cells

4) break up into clusters to form primordial follicles (follicular cells and oogonia)

5) oogonia divide during fetal life producing 200 0000 primary oocytes