Urinalysis

Front 1

GLYCOSURIA

Back 1

Indicated by:
-presence of glucose in urine

General cause:
-abnormally high blood sugar

...Result of:

non-pathological conditions:
-too much carbohydrate intake

pathological conditions:
-diabetes mellitus

Front 2

ALBUMINURIA

Back 2

Indicated by:
-presence of albumin (plasma protein) in urine

General cause:
-Abnormally increased permeability of glomerular membrane

...Result of:

non-pathological conditions:
-high protein intake, pregnancy, exertion

pathological conditions:
-hypertension, ingestion of heavy metals or bacterial toxins

Front 3

KETONURIA

Back 3

Indicated by:
-presence of excessive amounts of ketones (products of fat metabolism) in urine

General cause:
-Abnormal metabolic processes

...Result of:

non-pathological conditions:
-Starvation, low carbohydrate diets

pathological conditions:
-Diabetes mellitus

Front 4

Hematuria

Back 4

Indicated by:
-presence of erythrocytes in the urine, BLOOD

General cause:
-Damage to urinary tract (RBCs are too large to be filtered from blood!)

...Result of:

non-pathological conditions:
-Physical trauma

pathological conditions:
-Kidney stones, bladder or urinary tract infection

Front 5

HEMOGLOBINURIA

Back 5

Indicated by:
-presence of hemoglobin in urine

General cause:
-Result of hemolysis of RBCs

...Result of:

non-pathological conditions:
-Improper blood transfusions

pathological conditions:
-hemolytic anemia, renal disease

Front 6

BILIRUBINURIA

Back 6

Indicated by:
-Increased amounts of bilirubin (bile pigments) in urine

General cause:
-liver pathology

...Result of:

non-pathological conditions:
-Improper blood transfusions

pathological conditions:
-Cirrhosis, hepatitis

Front 7

PYURIA

Back 7

Indicated by:
-presence of white blood cells in urine

General cause:
-urinary tract inflammation

...Result of:

non-pathological conditions:
-excessive masturbation

pathological conditions:
-kidney stone or bladder/urinary tract infection