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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Trapezius
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Origin: Superior nuchal line; external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T12
Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula Innervation: Motor accessory nerve (XI); proprioception: C3-4 Function: assists in rotating the scapula during the abduction of humerus above horizontal. Adducts, rotates, elevates, and depresses scapula |
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2. Latissimus dorsi
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Origin: spinous process of T7-T12, thoracodorsal fascia, iliac crest, ribs 9-12
Insertion: Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus Nerve: Thoracodorsal nerve C6-8 Function: extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus and depresses scapula |
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3. Levator scapulae
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Origin: Transverse processes of C1-C4
Insertion: Upper portion medial border of scapula Nerve: C3-4 and dorsal scapular n. Function: Adducts and elevates scapula and rotates glenoid cavity |
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4. Rhomboid major
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Origin: Spinous processes of TII-TV
Insertion: Medial border of scapula between spine and inferior angle Nerve: dorsal scapular n. (C4-5) Function: Adducts scapula |
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5. Rhomboid minor
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Origin: Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII and TI
Insertion: Medial border (root) of the scapula at the spine scapula Nerve: Dorsal scapular nerve C4,C5 Function: Adducts scapula |
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6. Serratus posterior superior
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Origin: Ligamentum nuchae, suprasinal ligament, and spines of C7-T3
Insertion: Upper border of ribs II-V just lateral to their angles. Nerve: Intercostal nerve T1-T4 Function: Elevates ribs |
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7. Serratus posterior inferior
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Origin: Supraspinous ligaments and spines of T11-L3
Insertion: Lower border of ribs 9-12 Nerve: Intercostal nerve Function: depresses ribs |
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8. Spinotransversales group
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1. Splenius capitus
2. Splenius cervicis |
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9. Splenius capitis
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Origin: lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T4
Insertion: mastoid process, skull below lateral third of superior nuchal line Nerve: Posterior rami, lower cervical nerves Function: Together: draw head backward extending neck Individually: Draw and rotate head to one side |
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10. Splenius cervicis
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Origin: Spinous process of T3-T6
Insertion: Transverse processes of C1-C3 Nerve: Posterior rami of lower cervical nerves Function: Together: extend neck Individually: draw and rotate head to one side |
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11. Name the erector spinae muscles (9)
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1. Illiocostalis lumborum
2. Illiocostalis thoracis 3. Illiocostalis cervicis 4. Longissimus thoracis 5. Longissimus cervicis 6. Longissimus capitis 7. Spinalis thoracis 8. Spinalis cervicis 9. Spinalis capitis |
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12. Illiocostalis lumborum
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O: sacrum, spinous proc. of lumbar and lower 2 thoracic vertebrae and their supraspinous ligaments and the iliac crest
Insertion: Angles of the lowest 6 or 7 ribs |
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13. Illiocostalis thoracis
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O: Angles of the lowest 6 ribs
I: Angles of the upper 6 ribs and the transverse process of C7 |
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14. Illiocostalis Cervicis
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O: Angles of ribs 3-6
I: Transverse proc of C4-C6 |
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15. Longissimus thoracis
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O: Blends w/illiocostalis in lumbar region and is attached to transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
I: Transverse proc. of all thoracic vertebrae and just lateral to the tubercles of the lower 9 or 10 ribs |
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16. Longissimus cervicis
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O: transverse processes of upper 4 or 5 thoracic vertebrae
I: Transverse proc. of C2-C6 |
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17. Longissimus capitis
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O: transverse proc. of upper 4 or 5 thoracic vertebrae and atricular processes of lowest 3 or 4 cervical vertebrae
I: posterior margin of mastoid process |
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18. Spinal thoracis
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O: Spinous proc. of T10 or T11 through L2
I: Spinous processes of T1-T8 |
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19. Spinalis cervicis
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O: Lower part of ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of C7
I: Spinous process of C2 (axis) |
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20. Spinalis Capitis
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O: usually blends with semispinalis capitis
I: With semispinalis capitis |
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21. Transversospinales group
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1. Semispinalis thoracis
2. Semispinalis cervicis 3. Semispinalis capitis 4. Multifidus 5. Rotatores lumborum 6. Rotatores thoracis 7. Rotatores cervicis |
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22. Semispinalis muscles
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Deep to the erector spinae muscles. Forms superficial layer of transversospinales layer. Run from transverse processes to spines.
The semispinalis capitis attaches from the transverse processes of T1-5 and the articular processes of C4-7 to the occipital bone |
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23. Multifidus
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O:the dorsal sacrum between the spinous and transverse crests from all transverse processes and from adjacent liagments and fascia of erector spinae
I: Inferior border of C2-L5 spinous processes |
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24. Rotatores
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O: inferior transverse process
I: attach to the superior spinous process or lamina |
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25. Interspinales and intertransversarii
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Are well developed in cervical and lumbar regions but absent from thoracic regions.
Interspinales unite bifid tubercules of adjacent cervical spinous processes and adjacent border of lumbar spines Intertransversarii unite adjacent anterior tubercles and adjacent posterior tubercles of cervical transverse processes. |
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26. Levatores costarum
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O: short paired muscles arising from the transverse proc. of C7-T11
I: rib below the vertebra of origin, near the tubercle Function: contraction elevates teh rib |
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27. Suboccipital group
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1. Rectus captitis posterior major*
2. Recturs capitis posterior minor 3. Obliquus capitis superior* 4. Obliquus capitis inferior* *involved in the suboccipital triangle |
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28. Rectus capitis posterior major
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O: spinous process of axis (C2)
I: lateral portion of occipital bone below inferior nuchal line Nerve: suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of C1) Function: extends, rotates, and flexes head laterally |
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29. Rectus capitis posterior minor
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O: Posterior tubercle of atlas (C1)
I: occipital bone below inferior nuchal line N: Suboccipital nerve F: Extends and flexes head laterally |
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30. Obliquus capitis superior
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O: transverse process of atlas (C1)
I: Occipital bone above inferior nuchal line N: suboccipital nerve F: Extends, rotates, and flexes head laterally |
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31. Obliquus capitis inferior
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O: spine of axis (C2)
I: transverse process of atlas N: suboccipital nerver F: extends and rotates head laterally. |
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32. Pectoralis major
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O: medial healf of clavicle and anterior surface of sternum, first 7 constal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique
I: proximal part of humerus (Lateral lip of intertubercular groove) N: Medial and Lateral pectoral nerves F: adduction, medial rotation, and flexion of the humerus at the shoulder joint |
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33. Pectoralis minor
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O: Third, fourth, and fifth ribs
I: Coracoid process of scapula N: Medial pectoral nerve F: depresses scapula and elevates ribs |
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34. Subclavius
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O: Junction of first rib and costal cartilage
I: Interior surface of clavicle N: N. to subclavius! F: Depresses lateral part of clavicle |
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35. Serratus anterior
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O: Upper 8 ribs
I: Medial border of scapula N: Long thoracic F: Rotates scapula upward; abducts scapula with arm and elevates it above the horizontal. |
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36. Deltoid
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O: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus N: Axillary N. F: Abducts, adducts, flexes, extends, and rotates arm medially and laterally (abducts the arm beyond the initial 15 degrees done by the supraspinatus) |
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37. Supraspinatus
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O: Supraspinatus fossa of scapula
I: Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus N: Suprascapular F: Abducts arm (initial 15 degrees) |
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38. Infraspinatus
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O: Infraspinous fossa
I: middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus N: suprascapular n. F: rotates arm LATERALLY |
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39. Subscapularis
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O: Subscapular fossa
I: Lesser tubercle of humerus N: Upper and lower subscapular F: Adducts and rotates arm medially |
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40. Teres major
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O: dorsal surface of inferior angle of scapula
I: medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus N: Lower subscapular F: Adducts and rotates arm medially (same as subscapularis) |
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41. Teres minor
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O: Upper portion of lateral border of scapula
I: lower facet of greater tubercle of humerus N: Axillary N. F: Rotates arm LATERALLY |
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42. Suprascapular foramen
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Formed by the suprascapular notch of the scapula and the superior transverse scapular (suprascapular) ligament
Suprascapular nerve passes through the foramen Suprascapular artery and vein passes suprerior to the ligament outside the foramen |
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43. Quadrangle space
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Passage between the axilla and the posterior scapular region
Contents: Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein |
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44. Triangular space
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Passage between the axilla and the posterior scapular region
Contents: Circumflex scapular artery and vein |
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45. Triangle interval
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Passage between the anterior and posterior compartments of the arm and between the posterior compartment fo the arm and axilla
Contents: profunda brachii artery and vein and radial nerve |
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46. Branches of the subclavian artery
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A. Suprascapular artery
B. Dorsal scapular or descending scapular artery |
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47. Branches of the axillary artery
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A. Superior or supreme thoracic artery
B. Thoracromial artery C. Lateral thoracic artery D. Subscapular artery 1. Thoracodorsal artery 2. Circumflex scapular artery E. Anterior humeral circumflex artery F. Posterior humeral circumflex artery. |
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48. Suprascapular artery
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A branch of the thyrocervical trunck
-passes over the superior transverse scapular ligament -anastomoses with the deep branch of the transverse cervical artery (dorsal scapular artery) -supplies the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles and the shoulder and acromioclavicular joints |
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49. Dorsal scapular artery
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Arises from the subclavian artery but may be a deep branch of the transverse cervical artery
Accompanies the dorsal scapular nerve Supplies the levator scapulae, rhomboids, and serratus anterior muscles |
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50. Superior or supreme thoracic artery
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supplies the intercostal muscles in the first and second anterior intercostal spaces and adjacent muscles
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51. Thoracoacromial artery
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Is a short trunk from the first or second part of the axillary artery and has pectoral, clavicular, acromial, and deltoid branches
Pierces the costocoracoid membrane (or clavipectoral fascia) |
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52. Lateral thoracic artery
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Runs along the lateral border of the pectoralis minor muscle.
Supplies the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and serratus anterior muscles and the axillary lymph nodes and give rise to lateral mammary branches |
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53. Subscapular artery
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Is the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises at the lowers border of the subscapularis muscle, and descends along the axillary border of the scapula
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54. Thoracordorsal artery
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Sub branch of the Subscapular artery
Accompanies the thoracodorsal nerve and supplies the latissiums dorsi muscle and the lateral thoracic wall |
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55. Circumflex scapular artery
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Sub branch of the Subscapular artery
Passes posteriorly into the trangular space Ramifies in the infraspinous fossa and anstomoses with branches of the dorsal scapular and suprascapular arteries |
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56. Anterior humeral circumflex artery
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Passes anteriorly around the surgical neck of the humerus
Anstomoses with the posterior humeral circumflex artery |
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57. Posterior humeral circumflex artery
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Runs posteriorly with the axillary nerve through the quadrangular space.
Anastomoses with the anterior humeral circumflex artery and an ascending branch of the profunda brachii artery and also sends a brand to the acromial rete. |
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58. Brachial artery branches
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A. Profunda brachii (deep brachial artery)
B. Superior ulnar collateral artery C. Inferior ulnar collateral artery |
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59. Radial artery branches
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Smaller lateral branch of the brachial artery
A. Radial recurrent artery B. Palmar carpal branch C. Superficial palmar branch D. Dorsal carpal branch E. Princeps pollicis artery F. Radialis Indicis artery G. Deep palmer arch |
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60. Branches of the Ulnar artery
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Larger medial branch of the brachial artery
A. Anterior ulnar recurrent artery B. Posterior ulnar recurrent artery C. Common interosseous ortery 1. Anterior interossesous artery 2. Posterior interossesous artery D. Palmar carpal branch E. Dorsal carpal branch F. Superficial palmar arterial arch G. Deep palmar branch |
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61. Coracobrachialis
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O: apex of the coracoid process
I: middle third of medial surface of humerus N: musculocutaneous F: flexes and adducts the arm |
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62. Biceps brachi
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O: Long head, supraglenoid tubercle; short head, coracoid process
I: radial tuberosity of radius N: musculotaneous F: flexes arm and forearm, supinates forearm |
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63. Brachialis
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O: lower anterior surface of humerus
I: coronoid process of ulna and ulnar tuberosity N: musculocutaneous F: flexes forearm |
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64. Triceps
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O: long head: infraglenoid tubercle; lateral head: superior to radial groove of humerus; medial head: inferior to radial groove
I: posterior surface of olecranon process of ulna N: radial F: extends forearm |
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65. Anconeus
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O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: olecranon and upper posterior surface of ulna N: radial F: extends forearm |
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66. Pronator teres
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O: medial epicondyle and coronoid process of ulna
I: middle of lateral side of radius N: median F: pronator and flexes forearm |
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67. Flexor carpi radialis
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O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: bases of second and third metacarpals N: median F: flexes forearm, flexes and abducts hand |
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68. Palmaris longus
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O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: flexor retinaculum, palmar aponeurosis N: median F: flexes forearm and hand |
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69. Flexor carpi ulnaris
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O: medial epicondyle; medial olecranon, and posterior border of ulna (ulnar head)
I: pisiform, hook of hamate, and base of fifth metacarpal N: ulnar F: flexes forearm; flexes and adducts hand |
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70. Flexor digitorum superficialis
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O: medial epicondyle, coronoid process, oblique line of radius
I: middle phalanges of finger N: median F: flexes proximal interphalangeal joints, flexes hand and forearm |
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71. Flexor digitorum profundus
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O: anteromedial surface of ulna, interosseous membrane
I: bases of distal phalanges of fingers N: Ulnar and MEDIAN F: flexes distal interphalangeal joints and hand |
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72. Flexor pollicis longus
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O: anterior surface of radius, interosseous membrane and coronoid process
I: base of distal phalanx of thumb N: median F: flexes thumb |
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73. Pronator quadratus
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O: anterior surface of distal ulna
I: anterior surface of distal radius N: median F: pronates forearm |
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74. Brachioradialis
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O: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
I: base of radial styloid process N: radial F: flexes forearm |
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75. Extensor carpi radialis longus
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O: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
I: dorsum of base of second metacarpal N: radial F: extends and abducts hand |
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76. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
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O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: posterior base of third metacarpal N: radial F: extends and abducts hands |
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77. Extensor digitorium
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O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: extensor expansion, base of middle and digital phalanges N: radial F: extends fingers and hand |
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78. Extensor digiti minimi
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O: common extensor tendon and interosseous membrane
I: extensor expansion, base of middle and distal phalanges N: radial F: extends little finger |
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79. Extensor carpi ulnaris
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O: lateral epicondyle and posterior surface of ulna
I: base of fifth metacarpal N: radial F: extends and adducts hand |
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80. Supinator
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O: lateral epicondyle, radial collateral and annular ligaments, supinator fossa and crest of ulna
I: lateral side of upper part of radius N: radial F: supinates forearm |
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81. Abductor pollicis longus
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O: interosseous membrane, middle third of posterior surfaces of radius and ulna
I: lateral surface of base of first metacarpal N: radial F: abducts thumb and hand |
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82. Extensor pollicis longus
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O: Interosseous membrane and middle third of posterior surface of ulna
I: base of distal phalanx of thumb N: Radial F: extends distal phalanx of thumb and abducts hand |
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83. Extensor pollicis brevis
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O: Interosseous membrane and posterior surface of middle third of radius
I: base of proximal phalanx of thumb N: radial F: extends proximal phalanx of thumb and abducts hand |
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84. Extensor indicis
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O: posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane
I: extensor expansion of index finger N: radial F: extends index finger |
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85. Abductor pollicis brevis
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O: flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, and trapexium
I: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb N: median F: abducts thumb |
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86. Flexor pollicis brevis
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O: flexor retinaculum and trapezium
I: base of proximal phalanx of thumb N: median F: abducts thumb |
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87. Opponens pollicis
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O: flexor retinaculum and trapezium
I: lateral side of first metacarpal N: median F: opposes thumb to other digits |
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88. Adductor pollicis
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O: capitate and bases of second and third metacarpals (oblique head) and palmar surface of third metacarpal (Transverse head)
I: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of the thumb N: ulnar F: adducts thumb |
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89. Palmaris brevis
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O: medial side of flexor retinaculum, palmar aponeurosis
I: skin of medial side of palm N: ulnar F: wrinkles skin on medial side of palm |
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90. Abductor digiti minimi
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O: pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
I: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of little finger N: ulnar F: flexes proximal phalanx of little finger |
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91. Flexor digit mini brevis
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O: flexor retinaculum and hook of hamate
I: medial seide of base of proximal phalanx of middle finger N: ulnar F: flexes proximal phalanx of little finger |
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92. Opponens digiti minimi
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O: flexor retinaculum and hook of hamate
I: medial side of fifth metacarpal N: ulnar F: opposes little finger |
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93. Lumbricals (4)
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O: lateral side of tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
I: Lateral side of extensor expansion N: median (2 lateral) and ulnar (2 medial) F: flex metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints (Flex MCP and Extend IP) |
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94. Dorsal interossei (4) *bipennate
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O: adjacent sides of metacarpal bones
I: lateral sides of bases of proximal phalanges; extensor expansion N: ulnar F: abduct fingers; flex metacarpophalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal joints |
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95. Palmar interossei (3) *unipennate
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O: medial side of second metacarpal; lateral sides of fourth and fifth metacarpals
I: bases of proximal phalanges in same sides as their origins; extensor expansion N: ulnar F: adduct fingers; flex metacarpophalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal joints |
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96. Kyphosis
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(hunchback): results in an abnormally increased thoracic curvature resulting from osteoporosis
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97. Lordosis
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swayback or saddle back - an abnormally increased lumbar curvature resulting from trunk muscular weakness
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98. Scoliosis
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Lateral deviation resulting from unequal growth of the vertebral column; pathologic erosion of vertebral bodies, or asymmetric paralysis or weakness of vertebral muscles.
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99. Spondylolisthesis
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a forward displacement of a vertebra on the one below, usually of the fifth lumbar over the body of the sacrum; it is usually due to a developmental defect in the pedicle of the migrating vertebra. In this case, the spinal nerve roots may be pressed on, causing low backache, sciatic, or a shortened trunk
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100. Spondylitis
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ankylosing or rheumatoid spondylitis: involves inflammation of the joints between the vertebra and sacroiliac joints. Form of chronic inflammatory arthritis. It causes the effected vertebrae to fuse or grow together, resulting in a rigid spin, poor posture, and deformities
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101. Spina bifida occulta
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- failure of the vertebral arch to fuse (bony defect only with a small tuft of hair over the affected area of skin
Meningocele - protrusion of the menin |
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102. Spina bifida cystica (Meningocele)
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protrusion of the meninges through the unfused arch of the vertebra
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103. Meningomyelocele
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protrusion of the spinal cord and the meninges
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104. Myeloschisis (rachischisis)
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a cleft of spinal cord due to the failure of neural folds to close
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105. Myelocele
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protrusion of the substance of the spinal cord in spina bifida
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106. Klippel-Feil syndrome
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a congenital defect manifested as a short, stiff neck resulting from reduction in the number of cervical vertebrae or extension fusion of the cervical vertebrae, which causes low hairline and limited motion of the neck
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107. Whiplash injury
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Injury occurs frequently at the junction of the vertebrae C4 and C5; thus vertebrae C1 to C4 act as the lash and C5-C7 act as the handle fo the whip.
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108. Herniated disk
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A protrusion of the nucleus pulposus thru the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disk into the intervertebral foramen or into the vertebral canal, compressing the spinal nerve root. It commonly occurs posterolaterally where the annulus fibrosus is not reinforced by the posterior longitudinal ligament and freq effects the lumbar region
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109. Sciatica
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characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and into the lower limb and is most commonly caused by herniation of a lower lumbar intervertebral disk
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110. Lumbar spondylosis
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Degenerative joint disease affecting the lumbar vertebrae and disks that causes pain and stiffness, sometimes w/sciatic radiation resulting form nerve root pressure by associated protruding disks or osteophytes (bony outgrowths)
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111. Hangman's fracture
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a fracture of the pedicles of the axis (C2) which may occur as a result of hanging or auto accidents. The cruciform ligaments is torn and the spinal cord is crushed, causing death
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112. Tethered cord syndrome
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a congenital anomaly resulting from defective closure of the neural tube. Characterized by abnormally low conus medullaris, which is tethered by a short thickened filum terminale, leading to progressive neuro defects int he legs and feet and scoliosis
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113. Atlantoaxial dislocation (subluxation)
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occurs after the rupture of the cruciform ligament caused by trauma or rheumatoid arthritis. May result from congenital absence of dens, fracture of dens, or a direct trauma. May injure the spinal cord and medulla, and its symptoms include pain in the cervical area and in the back of the neck
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114. Caudal (epidural) anesthesia
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used to black the spinal nerves in the epidural space
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115. Saddle block
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the intro of anesthesia into the dural sac in the region corresponding w/the areas of the buttocks, perineum, and medial aspects of the thighs that impinge on the saddle in riding
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116. Lumbar puncture
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tapping of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the laminae of vert L3 and L4 or L4 and L5.
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117. Fracture of the greater tuberosity on humerus
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occurs by direct trauma or by violent contractions of supraspinatus muscle. Bone fragments has the attachments of the rotator cuff muscles
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118. Fracture of the lesser tuberosity on humerus
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accompanies posterior dislocation of the shoulder joint, and the bone fragment has the insertion of the subscapularis tendon
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119. Fracture of the surgical neck on humerus
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may injure the axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex artery as they pass thru the quadrangle space
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120. Fracture of the shaft on humerus
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may injure the radial nerve and deep brachial artery in the spiral groove
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121. supracondylar fracture on humerus
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a fracture of the distal end of the humerus; it is common in children and occurs when the child falls on the outstretched hand w/the elbow partially flexed and may injure the median nerve
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122. Fracture of the medial epicondyle on humerus
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may damage the ulnar nerve. nerve may be compressed in a groove behind the medial epicondyle causing numbness
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123. Colle's fracture of the wrist
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fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly producing a characteristic bump described as a "dinner fork" deformity
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124. Reverse Colles' fracture
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the distal fragment is displaced anteriorly in the fracture of the lower end of the radius
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125. Fracture of the scaphoid
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occurs after a fall on the outstretched hand and may damage the radial artery and cause avascular necrosis of the bone and degenerative joint disease of the wrist
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126. Fracture of the hamate
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may injure the ulnar nerve and artery because they are in close proximity to the hook of hamate
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127. Bennett's fracture
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fracture of the base of the metacarpal of the thumb
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128. Boxer's fracture
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fracture of the necks of the second and third metacarpals, seen in professional boxers, and typically of the fifth metacarpal in unskilled boxers
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129. Guyon's canal syndrome
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an entrapment of the ulnar nerve in the Guyon's canal, which causes pain, numbness, and tingling in the ring and little fingers, followed eventually by loss of sensation and motor weakness. can be treated by surgical decompression of nerve
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130. Guyon's canal (ulnar tunnel)
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formed by the pisiform, hook of hamate, and pisohamate ligament, deep to the palmaris brevis and palmar carpal ligament and transmits the ulnar nerve and artery. Within the tunnel, the nerve is divided into superficial and deep branches
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131. Dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint
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results from a fall on the shoulder with the impact taken by the acromion or froma fall on the outstretched arm. It is called a shoulder separation b/c the shoulder is separated from the clavicle when the joint dislocation with rupture of the coracoclavicular ligament occurs
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132. Dislocation of the shoulder joint
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usually occurs in the anteroinferior direction due to the lack of support by tendons of the rotator cuff - may damage the axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex vessels
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133. Referred pain to the shoulder
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most probably indicates involvement of the phrenic nerve (or diaphragm). The supraclavicular nerve (C3-C4) which supplies sensory fibers over the should, has the same origin as the phrenic nerve (C3-C5) which supplies the diaphragm
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134. Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
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caused by a chronic inflammation or irritation of the origin of the extensor muscles of the forearm from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
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135. Golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis)
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caused by a small tear or an inflammation of the origin of the flexor muscles of the forearm from the medial epicondyle, ulnar collateral ligament, and two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and transmits the ulnar nerve and superior ulnar collateral or posterior ulnar recurrent artery
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136. Cubital tunnel syndrome
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results from compression on the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel behind the medial epicondyle causing numbness and tingling in the ring and little fingers. The tunnel is formed by the medial epicondyle, ulnar collateral ligament and two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscles.
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137. Dupuytren's contracture
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a progressive thickening, shortening, and fibrosis of the palmar fascia, especially the palmar aponeurosis, producing a flexion deformity of the fingers in which the fingers are pulled toward the palm, especially the third and fourth fingers
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138. Volkmann's contracture
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an ischemic muscular contracture of the fingers and sometimes of the wrist resulting from ischemic necrosis of the forearm flexor muscles caused by a pressure injury, such as compartment syndrome, or a tight cast. The muscles are replaced by fibrous tissue, which contracts, producing the deformity
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139. Tenosynovitis
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inflammation of the tendon and synovial sheath; can lead to trigger figer- when the flexor tendon develops a nodule or swelling that interferes with it's gliding thru the pulley, causing an audible clicking or snapping
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140. Mallet finger
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finger with permanent flexion of the distal phalanx due to an avulsion of the medial and lateral bands of the extensor tendon to the distal phalanx
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141. Boutonnier deformity
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finger w/abnormal flexion of the middle phalanx and hyperextension of the distal phalanx due to an avulsion of the central band of the extensor tendon to the middle phalanx or rheumatoid arthritis
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142. Injury to the long thoracic nerve
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caused by stab wound or during radical mastectomy or thoracic surgery; results in paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle and inability to elevate the arm above the horizontal; produces a winged scapula
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143. Injury to the posterior cord
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caused by the pressure of the crosspiece of a crutch, resulting in paralysis of arm called crutch palsy. It results in loss in function of the extensors of the arm, forearm, and hand and produces a ***wrist drop***
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144. Injury to the axillary nerve
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caused by a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus or inferior dislocation of the humerus. Results in weakness of lateral rotation and abduction of the arm. The supraspinatus can abduct the arm but not to a horizontal level
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145. Injury to the radial nerve
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caused by a fracture of the midshaft of the humerus. It results in the loss of function in the extensors of the forearm, hand, metacarpals, and phalanges. It also results in loss of write extension, leading to wrist drop, and produces a weakness of abduction and adduction of the hand
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146. Injury to the musculocutaneous nerve
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results in weakness of supination (biceps), and forearm flexion (brachialis and biceps)
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147. Injury to the median nerve
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may be caused bya supracondylar fracture of the humerus or compression in the carpal tunnel. It results in loss of pronation, opposition of the thumb, and flexion of the lateral two interphalangeal joints and impairment of the medial two IP joints. It also produces a characteristic flattening of the thenar eminence, often referred to as "ape hand"
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148. Injury to ulnar nerve
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caused by a fracture of the medial epicondyle and results in a claw hand due to the paralysis of the palmar and dorsal interossei muscles and the medial two lumbricals. It also produces a wasted hypothenar eminence and palm and also leads to loss of adduction of the thumb due to paralysis of the adductor pollicis muscle
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149. Erb-Duchenne paralysis
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Upper trunk injury - caused by a birth injury during or a violent displacement of the head from the shoulder. Results in a loss of abduction, flexion, and lateral rotation of the arm, producing a ***waiter's tip*** hand, in which the arm tends to lie in medial rotation resulting from paralysis of lateral rotator muscles.
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150. Klumpke's paralysis
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Lower trunk injury - may be caused during a difficult breech delivery, or by abnormal insertion or spasm of the anterior and middle scalene muscles. The injury also causes a claw hand.
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