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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the five functions of the kidney?
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Regulate water/electrolyte balance
Excrete metabolic wastes/drugs Respond to and produce hormones Regulate BP Regulate Acid/Base Balance |
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What are the four differences between other capillaries and the Starling forces?
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Glomerular capillary pressure is much higher
Ultrafiltration coeff is 100-200x greater Surface charge as well as pore size determines filtration Filtered fluid is lost to Bowman's space and the nephron and not returned to the glomerular capillary |
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For clearance estimation of GFR what five things are important about the marker used?
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Must be inert, easily filtered, not secreted or reabsorbed, must be measurable
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What are 6 examples of clearance GFR markers used?
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Inulin, Creatintine, cystatin C, iothalamate, EDTA, DTPA
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What is the normal BUN/Creatinine ration?
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10:1
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What does the absorption of urea depend on?
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Tubule fluid flow rate and contact time
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When does the BUN/Cr ratio rise?
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Rises in volume depletion, dehydration, and poor renal perfusion
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What three things occur in the proximal tubule?
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Isotonic reabsorption of Na, HCO3, phosphate, glucose, K, and Cl
Reabsorption or secretion of organic compounds Activation of Vit D |
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What three things happen at the Loop of Henle?
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Variable water and solute permeabilities between segments
Generation and maintenance of concentrating gradient in medullary interstitium High capacity salt transport in thick ALH |
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What happens at the early cortical distal tubule?
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Low water permeability with NaCl reabsorption contributes to making tubule fluid dilute
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What 4 things happen at the late distal tubule/collecting duct?
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Variable water permeability with vasopressin
Na and K transport modulated by aldosterone Site of regulation of K excretion by secretion Intercalated cells help regulate urine pH |
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What is a volatile acid in the body and how much is produced?
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CO2
20,000 mmoles/day |
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Where does fixed acid in the body come from and how much is produced?
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Tissue metabolism, food (sulfates, phosphates, etc)
80 mmoles/day |
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What are three types of buffering and how long do those processes take?
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Chemical neutralization (seconds)
Alveolar ventilation (secs to minutes) Renal excretion of H+ and reabsorbs HCO3- (3-5 days) |
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What are the two renal roles in excreting fixed acid?
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Efficient reabsorption of filtered bicarb esp in the proximal tubule
Excreting H+ while generating a bicarbonate lost in the buffering process |
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What are four characteristics of Nephritis (Nephritic) Renal Disease?
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Inflammation (esp Glomerular)
Blood, protien (+ - ), cells in urine Increased BP, decreased GFR Post-strep GN, HUS, SLE, etc |
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What are three characteristics of nephrosis (nephrotic) renal disease?
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Increased proteinuria (>3.5), increased lipids, edema, increased BP
Damaged glomerular basement membrane, not inflammatory Minimal Change Disease, FSGS |
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What are 6 causes of prerenal disease?
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Volume depletion, CHF, cirrhosis (ascites), renal constriction from drugs, stenosis, shock
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What are seven causes of postrenal disease?
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Urinary tract obstruction: prostate, tumors, cysts, stones, congenital. Hydronephrosis
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What are 9 causes of intrinsic disease?
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Glomerular, vascular, tubular, interstitial,drugs, inflammation, infection, toxins, obstructions
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What is Acute Kidney Injury?
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Relatively sudden loss of ability to excrete wastes, concentrate urine, and conserve electrolytes
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What is the most common acute kidney injury?
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Prerenal: tissue damage from acute tubular necrosis
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What is the best way to treat acute kidney injury?
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Prevention is better than treatment
May be life-threatening but may reverse in weeks to months |
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What may acute kidney injury progress to?
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CKD or ESRD
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What constitutes chronic kidney disease?
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Glomerular or tubular disease that may get worse over years and progress to ESRD
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What is Acute Kidney Injury?
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Relatively sudden loss of ability to excrete wastes, concentrate urine, and conserve electrolytes
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What is the most common acute kidney injury?
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Prerenal: tissue damage from acute tubular necrosis
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What is the best way to treat acute kidney injury?
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Prevention is better than treatment
May be life-threatening but may reverse in weeks to months |
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What may acute kidney injury progress to?
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CKD or ESRD
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What constitutes chronic kidney disease?
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Glomerular or tubular disease that may get worse over years and progress to ESRD
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What are some examples of chronic kidney disease?
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Glomerulonephritis
Poly cystic kidney disease Obstructions |
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What would labs show in chronic kidney disease?
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Increased creatinine, BUN, K+
Azotemia, acidosis, anemia, osteodystrophy, soft tissue calcification |
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What are some treatments for ESRD?
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Renal replacement therapy
Dialysis Transplantation Hemodialysis Peritoneal dialysis |
