Unit Specific 102 Field First Aid Fundamentals

Front 1

102.1

State the purpose of first aid

Back 1

TO SAVE LIVES

Front 2

102.2

Discuss the following steps in an evaluation of a casualty:

Back 2

* Assess the situation
* Keep patient lying down
* Identify the injuries
* Check for injuries
* Keep the victim reassured and comfortable. If possible, do not allow the victim to see the wounds. The victim can endure pain and discomfort better if confident in your abilities. This is important because under normal conditions the Corpsman will not ahve strong pain relief medications right at hand.
* Avoid touching open wounds or burns with your fingers or unsterile objects, unless clean compresses and bandages are not available and it is imperative to stop severe bleeding.

Front 3

102.3

Respiratory Problems (Asphyxiation)

Back 3

Complete airway obstruction, insufficient oxygen in the air, inability of the blood to carry oxygen (e.g., carbon monoxide poisoning), paralysis of thte berathing center of the brain, and bandages are not available and it is imperative to stop severe bleeding.

Front 4

102.3

Hemorrhage (bleeding)

Back 4

severe loss of blood

Front 5

102.3

Cardiac arrest

Back 5

complete stoppage of heart function

Front 6

102.3

Fractures

Back 6

a break in a bone, may be simple or compound

Front 7

102.3

Burns

Back 7

exposure to extreme heat that overwhelms the body's defense mechanisms

Front 8

102.3

Shock

Back 8

collapse of the cardiovascular system

Front 9

102.3


Hypovolemic Shock

Back 9

Caused by the loss of blood and other body fluids

Front 10

102.3

Neurogenic Shock

Back 10

Caused by the failure of the nervous system to control the diameter of blood vessels

Front 11

102.3

Cardiogenic Shock

Back 11

Caused by the heart failing to pump blood adequately to all parts of the body

Front 12

102.3

Septic Shock

Back 12

Caused by the presence of severe infection

Front 13

102.3

Anaphylactic Shock

Back 13

Caused by a life-threatening reaction of the body to a substance to which a patient is extremely allergic

Front 14

102.4

Simple (closed) fracture

Back 14

A fracture that does not break the skin

Front 15

102.4

Compound (open) fracture

Back 15

A fracture that does not break the skin

Front 16

102.4

Compound (open)

Back 16

A fracture causes the bone to break through the skin

Front 17

102.6

Arterial Bleeding

Back 17

If an artery near the surface is cut, the blood, which is bright red in color, will gush out in spurts that are synchronized with the heartbeats.

Front 18

102.6

Venous Bleeding

Back 18

Blood from the veins is dark red. Venous bleeding is characterized by a steady, even flow.

Front 19

102.7

Treatment for bleeding: DIRECT PRESSURE

Back 19

putting pressure directly on the wound

Front 20

102.7

Treatment for bleeding: PRESSURE DRESSING

Back 20

a dressing that puts pressure directly on the wound

Front 21

102.7

Treatment for bleeding: INDIRECT PRESSURE (pressure points)

Back 21

this method uses pressure from the fingers, thumbs, or hands to press at the site or point where a main artery supplying the wounded area lies near the skin surface or over bone.

Front 22

102. 7

Treatment for bleeding: TOURNIQUET

Back 22

a tourniquet is a constricting band placed around an arm or leg to control bleeding

Front 23

102.8

SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK

Back 23

• Sweaty but cool skin (clammy skin).
• Weak and rapid pulse.
• Paleness of skin
• Restlessness, nervousness.
• Thirst.
• Loss of blood (bleeding).
• Confusion (or loss of awareness).
• Faster-than-normal breathing rate.
• Blotchy or bluish skin (especially around the mouth and lips).
• Nausea and/or vomiting

Front 24

102.8

TREATMENT OF SHOCK

Back 24

• Move the casualty to cover
• Lay the casualty on his back
• Elevate feet higher than the level of the heart
• Loosen clothing at the neck and waist
• Prevent chilling

Front 25

102.9

1st Degree Burn

Back 25

First degree – the epidermal layer is irritated, reddened, and tingling. The skin is sensitive to touch and blanches with pressure. Pain is mild to severe, edema is minimal, and healing usually occurs naturally within a week.

Front 26

102.9

2nd Degree Burn

Back 26

Second degree – characterized by epidermal blisters, mottled appearance, and a red base. Damage extends into ¾ but not through ¾ the dermis. Recovery usually takes 2 to 3 weeks, with some scarring and de-pigmentation. This condition is painful. Body fluids may be drawn into the injured tissue, causing edema and possibly a weeping, fluid (plasma) loss at the surface.

Front 27

102.9

3rd Degree Burn

Back 27

Third degree – a full-thickness injury penetrating into muscle and fatty connective tissues, or even down to the bone. Tissues and nerves are destroyed. Shock, with blood in the urine, is likely to be present. Pain will be absent at the burn site if all the area nerve endings are destroyed, and the surrounding tissue (which is less damaged) will be painful. Tissue color will range from white (scalds) to black (charring burns). Although the wound is usually dry, body fluids will collect in the underlying tissue. If the area has not been completely cauterized, significant amounts of fluids will be lost by plasma .weeping. or by hemorrhage, thus reducing circulation volume. There is considerable scarring and possible loss of function. Skin grafts may be necessary.

Front 28

102.11

Different types of wounds

Back 28

* Chest wounds
* Abdominal wounds
* Head wounds
* Eye injuries
* Facial wounds

Front 29

102.12

Stokes Stretcher

Back 29

Front 30

102.12

Blanket Drag

Back 30

Front 31

102.12

Fireman Carry

Back 31

Front 32

102.12

Chair Carry

Back 32

Front 33

102.12

Tied-hands crawl

Back 33

Front 34

102.12

Pack-strap carry

Back 34

Front 35

102.13

HEAT STROKE

Back 35

extremely high body temperature (105*F, 41*C or higher).
- pupils will be constricted (pinpoint) and the pulse fast and strong.
- Move the victim to the coolest place available and remove as much clothing as possible.
- Immersing the victim ina cold water bath is also very effective.
- DO NOT GIVE ANY HOT DRINKS OR STIMULANTS.
- Discontinue cooling when the rectal temperature reaches 102*F; watch for recurrence of temperature rise by checking every 10 minutes.
- Repeat cooling if temperature reaches 103*F rectally

Front 36

102.13

HEAT EXHAUSTION

Back 36

weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, and loss of appetite
- skin cool, moist, and clammy
- pupils may be dilated
- Vital signs usually are normal
- victim may have a weak pulse, together with rapid and shallow breathing
- Body temperature may be below normal
- Treat heat exhaustion as if the victim were in shock
- move the victim to a cool or air-conditioned area
- loosen the clothing, apply cool weet cloths
- give a solution of 1 teaspoon of salt dissolved in a liter of cool water

Front 37

102.13

HEAT CRAMPS

Back 37

To provide first aid treament for heat cramps, move the victim to a cool place.
- give the victim plenty of cool (not cold) water to drink, adding about one teaspoon of salt
- apply manual pressure to the cramped muscle, or gently massage it to relieve the spasm

Front 38

102.15

Discuss the procedures for MEDEVAC of personnel casualties

Back 38

1. Location of pickup site
2. Radio Frequency, call sign, and suffix
3. number of patients by precedence
4. Special Equipment required
5. Number of patients by type
6. Security of pickup site (WAR TIME)
7. Number and type of wound, injury, or illness
8. method of marking pickup site
9. patient nationality and status
10. NBC contamination (WAR TIME)
11. Terrain description (PEACE TIME)