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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Questioned Document
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document in question
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Known Document/exemplar
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document from a known source
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Variations in writing characteristics
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angulrity
slope pressure letter and word spacing dimensions of letters pen movement dexterity speed writing skill |
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Physical factors
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Arrangement of paper
Margins Spelling Punctuation Grammer Insertions Alignment Crowding |
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Difficulty in analysis of handwriting
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insuficient number of known writings to compare with;
?'d document contains only a few words deliberately written in a way which one is unable to translate; under influence of drugs/alcohol |
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Collection practices for handwriting exemplars
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1) adequate # of samples to show examiner the range of natural variations
2) samples from time period 3) text should be simple to that in ?'d document 4) dont give direction when to capitolize/lower case 5) no less than a page test 6) dictate 3 times 7) signature samples should have written text 8) examiner should review ?'d document b4 obtaining exemplars |
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Minimize conscious writing efforts by..
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1) suspect comfortable
2)dont show ?'d document 3)dont give instructions about how to spell/punctuate 4)pin and paper similar to those used in ?'d |
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Typewriter
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uses ribbon, has a hammer that that leaves ink on paper
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2 most popular type faces
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PICA-10 letters per inch
ELITE-12 letters per inch |
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Mechanical Variation
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allows for individualization (wear and tear)
1) Vertical, horizontal,perpendicular alignment 2) defects in typeface |
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Exemplars for a typewriter
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collect suspect typewriter
1) one copy, word for word, of ?'d text 2) type samples of the ?'d in light, medium, and heavy 3) type w/o ribbon using carbon paper to show flaws 4) collect previous typed documents from same time period |
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Daisy Wheel
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disk of plastic that contains letters along the edge; disk rotates to the letter, hammer hits the letter and leaves ink impression
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Dot Matrix
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movable print heads w/ pins or wires that shoot and strike the ribbon placing a dot on the paper w/ hundreds of dots formig images or text
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Ink Jet
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forms letters and images on the paper by spraying small streams of quick drying ink.
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Laser
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laser technology to print images on the paper
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Mechanical erasure
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rubber, sandpaper, razorblade/knife--disturbs fibers
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Chemical erasure
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using chemicals to cange print. discolors paper. UV and IR light reveal this
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Examine paper by?
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microscopy-direct/oblique lighting
Infrared light Digitizing |
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Indented Writing
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pressure applied when writing
crayon or pencil is used to rub over it |
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Ink Variations
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use chromatography to compareink samples
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Sound Spectograph
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converts sound into visual display-voiceprint
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3 parameters of speech
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time, volume, frequency
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Obtain _____ of suspct to ____ against known _______________
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recording, compare, sound spectograph
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Aural Analysis
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listening to voice on tape to compare single sounds and series of sounds for similarities and discrepancies; listens for breath patterns, inflections, unusual speech habits & accents
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Visual Analysis
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Reading the voiceprints to compare their appearances
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Line Quality
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do the letters flow or are they written w/ intent stroke
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Spacing of words and letters
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avg space b/w words and letters
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Ratio of heigt/width/size of letters
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are the letters consistent in size etc
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Lifting pen
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is the pen lifted when a new word begins/ends
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Connecting strokes
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how are capitol letters connected to lower case letters
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Strokes to begin and end
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where does the letter begin and end on a page
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unusual letter formation
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are any letters written w/ unusual slants/angles? are some cursiv and some print
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Pen pressure
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how much pen pressure is applied on up/down strokes
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Slant
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do the slant to left/righ
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Baseline Habits
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does the author write on the line or go above/below line
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Fancy writing habits
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unusual curls, loops, unique style
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placement of diacritics
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how does the author cross the t's and dot the i's
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Variations in mechanical, physical, and mental functions make it (likely/unlikely) that the writing of 2 different individuals can be distinguished
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likely
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A single handwriting characteristic can by itself be taken as a basis for a positive comparison
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false
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Normally, known writings need not contain words and combinations of letters present in the ?'d document
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false
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As the age difference b/w genuine and unknown specimens becomes greater, the standard has a tendency to become ___ representative of the unknown
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less
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Many ink dyes can be seperated by the technique of thin layer ___________
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chromatography
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Presently, voices analyzed by the sound spectograph have been widely accepted as evidence in US courts
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true
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Critical of the examination of ?'ds is the:
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knowledge&understanding of the part of the document examiner of the current scientific formula to apply to the examination
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A nondestructive approah to comparing ink lines is accomplished w/
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a visible mircospectrophotemeter
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the age difference b/w genuine and unknown specimens is not an important factor in handwriting compariosn
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false
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a single handwriting characteristic can by itself be taken as a basis for a postive comparison
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false
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Random wear and damages to a printer impart it w/ class characteristics
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false
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A TTI, transmitting terminal identifier, is a header at the top of each page of a fax document
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true
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