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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
coginition
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the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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concept
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a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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prototype
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a mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
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algorithm
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a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with the usually speedier-- but also more error prone -- use of heuristics.
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heuristic
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a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
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insight
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a sudden and often novel realization to the solution of a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
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creativity
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the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
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conformation bias
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a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
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fixation
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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
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mental set
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a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
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functional fixedness
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the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; am impediment to problem solving
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representativeness heuristic
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judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
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availability heuristic
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estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
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overconfidence
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the tendency to be more confident than correct -- to overestimate the accuracy or our beliefs and judgments.
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belief preserverance
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clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
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intuition
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an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
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framing
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the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
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language
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our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
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phoneme
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in language, the smallest distinctive sound or unit.
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morpheme
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in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (prefix)
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grammar
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in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
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semantics
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the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
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syntax
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the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
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babbling stage
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beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
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one-word stage
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the stage in speech development, from about 1-2, during which a child speaks in single words
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two-word stage
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beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.
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telegraphic speech
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early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram --"go car" -- using mostly nouns and verbs.
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linguistic determinism
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Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
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