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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 concentric layers of Gi tract tube |
Mucosa Sunmucosa Muscularis Adventitia or serosa |
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What the Portion of the serous membrane that lines the in inside surface of the body wall called? |
Parietal peritoneum |
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Process of moving ingested materials from the oral cavity to the stomach. Aka swallowing |
Deglutition |
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3 pairs of multicellular salivary glands located external to the oral cavity |
Paratoid Sublingual Submandibular |
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6 general functions of digestive system |
1. Ingestion 2. Motility 3. Secretion 4. Digestion 5. Absorbtion 6. Elimination |
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6 organs that make up GI tract |
Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine |
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Accessory organs Involved in the digestive process |
Teeth Tongue Gall bladder |
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Nerve plexus in the submucosa layer |
Meissner plexus |
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Nerve plexus in the muscularis layer |
Myenteric plexus |
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Thickened circular muscles it closes of the lumen at some point to control movement of material into next section |
Sphincter |
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2 types of motility |
Peristalsis Mixing |
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Motility |
To propel material through the lumen |
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Portion that covers surface of internal organs |
Visceral peritoneum |
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5 mesenteries |
Greater omentum Falciform ligament Lesser omentumFalciform ligamentMenestery Menestery proper Mescolon
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Organs within abdomen completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum |
Intraperitoneal organs |
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Organs that lie outside the parietal peritoneum against posterior abdominal wall |
Retroperiotenal organs |
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2 types of receptors of the digestive tract |
Baroreceptor Chemoreceptors |
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What kind of receptor detect either stretch or pressure of particular region |
Baroreceptor |
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Receptor that detect precense of specific substance of passing contents within lumen |
Chemoreceptors |
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3 hormones that participate in regulating digestion |
Gastrin Secretin Chlocystokinin |
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3 major salivary glands |
Paratoid Submandibular Sublingual |
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Part of the oral cavity that is involved In Sense of taste |
Papilla of tonge |
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What moves the tonge |
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tonge |
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What nervous system react during exercise or individual is excited or anxious .increase of viscous saliva due to constricted salivary glands decrease of water |
Sympathetic nervous system |
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What nervous system makes sure that oral cavity remains moist by input from mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors |
Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Structure of the pharynx that prevents food going up the nose? |
Nasophanrynx |
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What part of the stomach Allow it to expand greatly when it is filled |
Gastric folds Rugae |
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What enzyme saliva glands release to brake down carbohydrates |
Amylase |
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After the bolus has been completely processed In the stomach, what is the product called? |
Chyme |
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Small narrow superior entryway into the stomach lumen from the esophagus |
Cardia |
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Inferior covex curvature border of the stomach |
Greater curvature |
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Superior concave border of the stomach |
Lesser curvature |
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Regulation phase that is initiated by the thought, small, sight or taste of food |
Cephalic phase |
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Regulation phase that is initiated as food enters the stomach |
Gastric phase |
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Regulation phase that is initiated by presence of acidic chyme induodenum |
Intestinal phase |
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3 smooth layers of the muscularis of the stomach |
Inner oblique Middle circular Outer longitudinal |
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Cecum |
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Ileocecal valve |
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Deudenum |
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Jejunum |
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Ileum |
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3 Important accessory digestive organs |
Liver Pancreas Gallbladder |
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Hormone that causes release of alkaline solution containing HCO3 to neutralize acidic chyme |
Secretin |
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Hormone that stimulates the smooth muscle in the gallbladder wall to contract to release bile |
CCK Cholecystokinin |
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Composed of microvili. edge like that holds enzymes that complete chemical digestion of nutrients |
Brush border |
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Lymphatic capillary within the villus. Absorbs lipids and lipid soluble vitamins |
Lacteal |
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Mixes chyme with accessory gland secretions through back and forward motion |
Segmental movement |
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Small channel that transports bile produced by hepatocytes |
Bile canaliculi |
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Transports oxygenated blood to liver |
Hepatic arteries |
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Where the hepatic vein empty to |
Inferior venacaba |
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What vessel transport deoxygenated nutrient rich blood from capillary bed of GI tract , spleen and pancreas to liver |
Hepatic portal veins |
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3 regions of large intestines |
Cecum Colon Rectum |
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Wich carbohydrate is a disaccharide found in table sugar? |
Sucrose |
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Most organic biomolecules needed by organisms to grow and maintain homeostasis |
Nutrients |
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3 major biomolecules |
Lipids carbohydrates Proteins |
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Substances absorbed across wall of large intestine |
Vitamin B and K |
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3 classes of carbohydrates related to digestion |
Monossacharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides |
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Enzyme that digest starches |
Amylase |
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Enzyme that digest nucleic acids |
Nucleases |
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Components of bile |
Water Bicarbonate ions Bile salts Bile pigments Cholesterol Lecitin Mucin |
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4 type of nutrients |
Macronutrients Micronutrient Non essential Essential |
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3 Organic biomolecules or macronutrients |
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
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2 micronutrients |
Vitamins Minerals |
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Whose function is to provide glucose to be broken down to release energy |
Carbohydrates |
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What macronutrient has the function of energy storage? |
Lipids |
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3 types of carbohydrates |
Sugars Starch Fiber |
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3 types of lipids |
Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids |
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3 categories of triglyceride |
Saturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids Polyunsaturated fatty acids |
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2 fatty acids that the body needs but can not synthesize |
Alpha-linoleic Linoleic acid |
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When equilibrium exist between diatary intake and its lost in urine and feces |
Nitrogen balance |
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2 categories of vitamis |
Water or fat soluble Essential or no essential |
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Water soluble vitamins |
B C |
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Fat soluble vitamins |
A D E K |
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What type of vitamin is absorbed into the blood from the digestive tract |
Water soluble |
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What type of vitamin is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and enter lymphatic capillaries |
Fat soluble |
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Inorganic ions that are diverse functions in the body |
Mineral |
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Required amount of major minerals |
Greater than 100ml a day |
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Required amount of trace minerals |
Less than 100mg a day |
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Function of insulin on liver |
Increase glycogenesis |
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Function of insulin on muscle |
Increase glycogenesis |
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Function of insulin on adipose connective tissue |
Stimulates lipogenesis |
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Function of insulin on most cells |
Increase amino acids uptake |
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When nutrients are released into the blood from their storage in various body tissues |
During postabsorbative state |
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Function of glucagon on liver |
Increases glycogenolysis and increase gluconeogenesis |
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Function of glucagon on adipose connective tissue |
Increase lipolysis |
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How VLDL(very low density lipoprotein) and LDL (low density lipoprotein) are transported |
From liver to peripheral tissues |
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How HDL (high density lipoprotein) is transported |
From peripheral tissues to liver |
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How chylomicrons are transported |
Within lymph enters venous blood to deliver lipids to liver and other tissues |
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Oxidise glucose to produce 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH. |
Glycolysis |
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Convert pyruvate to acetyl COA, CO2, NADH |
Intermediate stage |
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Acetyl COA forms 2 CO2,ATP, 3 NADH, FADH |
Citric acid cycle |
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Form 34 ATP , NADH,FADH |
Electron transport system |
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Which hormones inhibit gastric gland secretion |
Secretin Gastric inhibitory peptide Cholecystokinin |
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Duodenum ph of less than 2 inhibits or promotes secretion of the gastric glands? |
Inhibits |
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Major duodenal papilla |
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Transverse colon |
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Hepatic duct |
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Pancreas |
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Muscularis mucosae |
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What cell of the gastric glands produces pepsinogen |
Chief cells |
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Bile duct |
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Descending colon |
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Common hepatic duct |
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Body of pancreas |
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Muscularis mucosae |
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Lesser omentum |
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Submandibular salivary glands |
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Which cells type is responsible for HCL production in the stomach? |
Parietal cells |
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Pancreatic duct |
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Gastric glands |
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Muscularis externa |
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Greater omentum |
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Simple columnar epithelium |
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Muscalaris mucosae |
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Ascending part of deudenum |
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Lower esophageal sphincter |
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Hepatopancreatic ampulla |
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A portal triad consist of |
Branches of a hepatic artery,hepatic portal vein,and bile duct |
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Mesentery of small intestine |
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Rectum |
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Ascending colon |
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Cystic duct |
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Cecum |
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5 types of secretory cells from gastric ephitelium |
Parietal Mucus neck Chief Enteroendocrine Surface mucus |
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2 components of saliva |
Mucus cells Serous cells |
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Inferior esophageal sphincter is also known as__ |
Cardiac sphincter |
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Which bones form the hard palate? |
Palatine bones and maxillae |
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What would stenosis of the pyloric sphincter interfere with? |
Passage of chyme into the deudenun |
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What enzyme initiate the Digestion of proteins? |
Pepsin |
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Neucleosidase is a enzyme that brakes ____ |
Bind between the sugar and the nitrogen base of the neucleoside |
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In response to the increased availability of nutrients during the absorptive state,liver and muscle increase or decrease glycogenesis or glycolysis |
Increase glycogenesis |
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Outer tunic of jejunum? |
Serosa |
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To decrease body temp, the big brain signals, |
Anterior pituitary to release thyroid -stimulating hormone |
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Modified capillaries of liver lobules |
Sinusoids |
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Iron zinc calcium iodine sodium and potasium are |
Minerals |