Anti-Infective Medications

Front 1

What are some examples of third generation cephalosporins?

Back 1

Rocephin (ceftriaxone)

Ceptaz

Fortaz

Tazidime (ceftazidime)

Front 2

What are some examples of fourth generation cephalosporins?

Back 2

Maxipime (cefepime)

Front 3

What are some examples of fifth generation cephalosporins?

Back 3

Teflaro (ceftaroline)

Front 4

How do sulfonamides work? (Action)

Back 4

Prevent synthesis of folic acid that the bacteria requires for synthesis of purines and nucleic acid

Front 5

Sulfonamides are ____ and are often _____.

Back 5

One of the first groups of antibiotics

Combined with another antibiotic

Front 6

What are some examples of sulfonamides?

Back 6

Bactrim/Septra

Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim

(Cotremozazole)

Front 7

Sulfonamides have interactions with:

Back 7

Sulfonylureas--hypoglycemia

Phenytoin--toxicity

Anticoagulants--hemorrhage

Oral contraceptives--reduce efficacy

Front 8

Sulfonamides are often used to treat (indications):

Back 8

UTIs

Respiratory tract infections

Outpatient staph infections

Front 9

Sulfonimides can cause adverse effects that include:

Back 9

Anemias

Agranulocytosis

Thrombocytopenia

Photosensitivity

Exfoliative dermatitis

Steven-Johnson syndrome

Epidermal necrosis

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Pancreatitis

Hepatotoxicity

Convulsions

Crystalluria

Toxic nephrotis

Headaches

Uticaria

Cough

Front 10

Sulfonamides are contraindicated:

Back 10

With those with an allergy to sulfonamides AND sulfites--could have allergy to both

During pregnancy

In infants <2 months old

Front 11

Indications for penicillins include:

Back 11

Infections from Gram-positive positive bacteria, including streptococcus spp, enterococcus spp, staphylococcus spp.

Front 12

What are some examples of penicillins?

Back 12

Penicillin G

Penicillin V

Nafcillin

Amoxicillin

Ampicillin

Carbenicillin

Pipercillin

Ticarcillin

Front 13

How do penicillins work?

Back 13

Penicillins enter the bacteria through the cell wall, find penicillin-binding protein, and prevent cell wall synthesis, resulting in cell death due to cell lysis.

Front 14

What are the adverse effects of penicillins?

Back 14

Allergic reactions [including angioedema, puritus (itching), urticaria (hives)- may have allergies to other beta-lactam antibiotics also]

Common adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain

Front 15

Penicillin interacts with:

Back 15

MANY!!!

NSAIDs-- more free and active penicillin

Oral contraceptives-- decrease efficacy

Warfarin-- increase bleeding risk

Add others from page 608 table 38.5

Front 16

What is special about pipercillin?

Back 16

It is an extended Spectrum penicillin that can kill gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Front 17

Cephalosporins are _____ antibiotics and are structurally and pharmacologically related to _____.

Back 17

Semi-synthetic

Penicillins

Front 18

What are some examples of first generation cephalosporins?

Back 18

Ancef (cefazolin)

Keflex (cephalexin)

Front 19

What are first generation cephalosporins used for?

Back 19

Surgical prophylaxis and staphylococcal infections

Front 20

Cephalosporins have ____ gram-positive coverage and ____ gram-negative coverage.

Back 20

Good gram-positive coverage

Limited gram-negative coverage

Front 21

What routes can first generation cephalosporins be given?

Back 21

Parenteral and PO forms

Front 22

What are some examples of second generation cephalosporins?

Back 22

Mefoxin (cefoxitin)

Zinacef (cefuroxime sodium)

Front 23

Second generation cephalosporins have ____ gram-positive coverage of first generation.

Back 23

the same

Front 24

Second generation cephalosporins have ____ gram-negative coverage of first generation.

Back 24

better

Front 25

A second generation cephalosporin that is used prophylactically in abdominal surgeries is ____ because it kills _____.

Back 25

cefoxitin (Mefoxin) IV

anaerobes

Front 26

A second generation cephalosporin that is used as surgical prophylaxis is _____ which doesn't kill ____.

Back 26

cefuroxime (Zinacef--IV) (Ceftin--PO)
anaerobes

Front 27

Third generation cephalosporins are ____ against gram-negative bacteria.

Back 27

the most potent group

Front 28

Third generation cephalosporins are ____ against gram-positive bacteria.

Back 28

less active

Front 29

True or False: Cephalosporins are broad spectrum.

Back 29

True

Front 30

Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) is a _____ .

Back 30

third generation cephalosporin

Front 31

Rocephin is given through the following routes:

Back 31

IV & IM, once-a-day dosing

Front 32

Elimination of Rocephin is done by the ____.

Back 32

liver

Front 33

______ easily passes meninges and diffuses into CSF to treat CNS infections.

Back 33

Rocephin

Front 34

Ceftazidime (Ceptaz, Fortaz, Tazidime) can be given:

Back 34

IV & IM

Front 35

____ has excellent gram-negative coverage and spectrum of coverage, but resistance is limiting its usefulness.

Back 35

Ceftazidime (Ceptaz, Fortaz, Tazidime)

Front 36

Fourth generation cephalosporins have a ____ spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria when compared to third generation.

Back 36

broader spectrum

Front 37

Fourth generation resembles ____ except that it has ____ activity against _____.

Back 37

ceftazidime; increased; Enterobacter spp. (gram-negative and positive)

Front 38

Fourth generation cephalosporins are often used to treat:

Back 38

UTIs

Front 39

The fourth generation cephalosporin cefepime (Maxipime) IV is used to treat:

Back 39

UTIs

Front 40

Fifth generation cephalosporins have a ___ spectrum of antibiotic activity and are effective against ____.

Back 40

broader
a wide variety of organisms

Front 41

Fifth generation cephalosporins are effective against which resistant bacteria? Which medication specifically?

Back 41

MRSA; ceftaroline (Teflaro--IV)

Front 42

The adverse effects of cephalosporins are similar to ____ and include:

Back 42

penicillins
mild diarrhea, abd cramps, rash, pruitus, redness, edema
allergic reactions (for both cephalosporins & penicillins)

Front 43

Which allergic reactions indicate a pt shouldn't receive penicillins or cephalosporins?

Back 43

Throat swelling

Hives

Front 44

Carbapenems are the _____ antibiotics on the market.

Back 44

Broadest

Front 45

True or False: Carbapenems are used very often for minimal infections.

Back 45

False

Front 46

What is the action of carbapenems?

Back 46

They inhibit cell wall synthesis.

Front 47

What kind of organisms do carbapenems work best on?

Back 47

They work best on gram-positive organisms.

Front 48

What adverse reaction is big for carbapenems? How can you prevent this reaction?

Back 48

They can cause seizures. Titrate the dose.

Front 49

What are some examples of carbapenems?

Back 49

Primaxin IV (imipenum/cilastatin)

Azactam IV (aztreonam)

Front 50

What is primaxin used to treat?

Back 50

Soft tissue infections, septicemia, Etc.

Front 51

True or False: Primaxin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

Back 51

True

Front 52

What is azactam used to treat?

Back 52

Severe systemic infections and UTIs.

Front 53

Azactam is effective against gram-____ bacteria

Back 53

Negative