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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
methanogens
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Any of various archaea that are capable of producing methane from the decomposition of organic material.
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decomposers
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to break something down into smaller or simpler parts, or be broken down in this way
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symbiosis
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a close association of animals or plants of different species that is often, but not always, of mutual benefit
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symbionts
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an animal or plant living in close and often mutually beneficial association with another of a different species
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host
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a living animal or plant from which a parasite obtains nutrition.
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mutualism
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a relationship between two organisms of different species that benefits both and harms neither. For example, lichens are a fungus and an alga living in mutualism: The fungus provides a protective structure, and the alga produces a carbohydrate as food for the fungus.
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commensalism
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the relationship between organisms of two different species in which one derives food or other benefits from the association while the other remains unharmed and unaffected
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parasitism
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symbiosis in which one organism lives as a parasite in or on another organism
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parasite
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a plant or animal that lives on or in another, usually larger, host organism in a way that harms or is of no advantage to the host
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Koch's postulates
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The organism must be found in all animals suffering from the disease, but not in healthy animals.
The organism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture. The cultured organism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal. The organism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal. |
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exotoxins
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a highly potent soluble toxin produced by a bacterium and released into its infected host, often affecting the central nervous system. Exotoxins are produced in diphtheria, botulism, and tetanus, and are among the most potent known toxins.
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plankton
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a mass of tiny animals and plants floating in the sea or in lakes, usually near the surface, and eaten by fish and other water animals
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dinoflagellates
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a tiny single-celled sea organism with two long slender appendages flagella, occurring in large numbers in plankton. Some types are luminescent and some are toxic, especially when they multiply prolifically to cause a brownish red discoloration
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ciliates
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a simple microscopic organism with projecting threads that thrash to help it to move along. Phylum Ciliophora.
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conjugation
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the simplest form of reproduction, in which two single-celled organisms such as bacteria or protozoans link together, exchange genetic information, and then separate
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pseudopodia
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A temporary footlike extension of a one-celled organism, such as an amoeba, used for moving about and for surrounding and taking in food
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white rust
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a disease of plants, characterized by pustules of white spores on affected parts that become yellow and malformed, caused by fungi of the genus Albugo
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holdfast
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An organ or structure of attachment, especially the basal, rootlike formation by which certain seaweeds or other algae are attached to a substrate.
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Fimbriae
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short hairlike filaments extending from the surface of prokaryotes
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endospores
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a spore formed within a cell of a rod-shaped organism.
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anisogamy
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the union of anisogametes
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gametophyte
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the sexual form of a plant in the alternation of generations.
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heteromorphic
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dissimilar in shape, structure, or magnitude
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isogamy
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the fusion of two gametes of similar form, as in certain algae.
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isomorphic
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different in ancestry, but having the same form or appearance.
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oogamy
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one of a pair of structurally dissimilar gametes, the female gamete being large and nonmotile and the male gamete being small and motile.
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sporophyte
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the form of a plant in the alternation of generations that produces asexual spores
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plasmodial slim molds
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Plasmodial slime moulds or true slime moulds are a large single-celled mass with thousands of nuclei called a plasmodium. They are formed when individual flagellated cells swarm together and fuse. The result is one large bag of cytoplasm with many diploid nuclei.
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cellular slime molds
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spend most of their lives as separate single-celled amoeboid protists, but upon the release of a chemical signal, the individual cells aggregate into a great swarm. Cellular slime molds are thus of great interest to cell and developmental biologists, because they provide a comparatively simple and easily manipulated system for understanding how cells interact to generate a multicellular organism
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