Unit 4 Urinary System

Front 1

What force drives filtration at the glomerulus?

Back 1

Blood pressure

Front 2

Glomerular filtation is a process of ____ driven by the_____of the blood

Back 2

Bulk flow, hydrostatic pressure

Front 3

Common components of the filtrate are divided into four categories on the CD program. These include:

Back 3

Water

Ions (Na+, K+)

Nitrogenous waste (urea, uric, acids)

Organic molecules (glucose, amino acids)

Front 4

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is about ___mmHg

Back 4

60mmHg

Front 5

What two pressures oppose filtration and what are their values?

Back 5

Capsular hydrstatic pressure (15mmHg)

Osmotic pressure of blood (28mmHg)

Front 6

What is the normal net filtration pressure?

Back 6

17mmHg

Front 7

With a glomerular filtration rate of 125 ml/min, how much plasma would be filtered per day?

Back 7

180L

Front 8

In an excersing individual the afferent arteriole will____to avoid excess fluid loss

Back 8

Constrict

Front 9

Two mechanisms that provide autoregulatory control over renal processes include:

Back 9

Myogenic mechanism

Tubuloglomeular feedback

Front 10

High osmolarity (or high Na+ and Cl-) in the ascending loop of Henle will cause afferent arterioles to___

Back 10

Constrict

Front 11

In periods of extreme stress, the sympathic nervous system will override autoregulation. An increase in sympathetic flow to the kidney will result in what two important effects that wil aid maintenance of blood pressure?

Back 11

Blood is shunted to other vital organs

GFR reduction causes minimal fluid loss from blood

Front 12

What are the two reabsorption pathways through the tubular cell barrier?

Back 12

a. Transcellular through luminal and basolateral membranes (most substances)

b. Paracellular -- through tight junctions

Front 13

How can we cause water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space? Question 2

Back 13

Increased osmolarity of the interstitium

Front 14

Transport of what ion could cause the diffusion in question 2?

Back 14

Transport of Na+ from the cell into the interstitium.

Front 15

Summarize reabsorption in the proximal tubule.

Back 15

Basolateral transport of Na+: Interstitial osmolarity increases causing diffusion of water. Decreased intracellular Na+ leads to additional Na+ reabsorption through the luminal membrane.

Front 16

What percent of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

Back 16

65%

Front 17

The simple squamous cells of the thin descending loop are permeable to___ but impermeable to__

Back 17

Water, NaCl

Front 18

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to___ but impermeable to__

Back 18

Na, Cl, and K ions

Water

Front 19

What is the role of loop of Henle?

Back 19

Forms and maintains the interstitial osmolarity gradient.

Front 20

What is the role of the Vasa Recta?

Back 20

Delivers nutrients without altering osmotic gradient.

Front 21

From the quiz section, what does furosemide do?

Back 21

It causes dilution of the filtrate because transport in ascending loop will be impaired. It blocks the Na+/K+/2Cl - cotransporter. Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic.

Front 22

If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport:

Back 22

Decrease

Front 23

If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Na+/K+/2Cl- retained in tubule

Back 23

Increase

Front 24

If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Interstitial osmolarity

Back 24

Decrease

Front 25

If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Water reabsorption in descending limb

Back 25

Decrease

Front 26

If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Filtrate and volume flow

Back 26

Increase

Front 27

If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Urine input

Back 27

Increase

Front 28

If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Loss of body water and electrolytes

Back 28

Increase

Front 29

Name the two types of cells in the late distal tubules and cortical collecting ducts and describe their function

Back 29

a. Intercalated Cells: Secrete hydrogen ions

b. Principal Cells: Perform hormonally regulated water and sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

Front 30

Aldosterone is stimulated by an increase or decrease in what ions?

Back 30

1. Increased potassium

2. Decreased Sodium

Front 31

What does aldosterone increase in the basolateral membrane?

Back 31

The number of sodium/potassium ATPase pumps

Front 32

What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increase in the luminal membrane?

Back 32

Water channels

Front 33

In dehydration and overhydration, what would be the levels of the following (increase or decrease)?

1. ADH: Dehydration__ Overhydration__

2. Aldosterone: Dehydration__ Overhydration__

Back 33

increase, decrease

increase, decrease

Front 34

Describe what moves out of the tubule and what the osmolarity would be in the following nephron segments: Proximal tubule

Back 34

Moves out water, solutes

300 mOsm

Front 35

Describe what moves out of the tubule and what the osmolarity would be in the following nephron segments: Descending limb

Back 35

Moves out water

Increasing mOsm

Front 36

Describe what moves out of the tubule and what the osmolarity would be in the following nephron segments: Ascending limb

Back 36

Moves out solutes

Decreasing mOsm

Front 37

Describe what moves out of the tubule and what the osmolarity would be in the following nephron segments: Late distal tubule

Back 37

Moves out water, solutes

100-300 mOsm

Front 38

a. By the medullary collecting duct, only 5 % of the filtrate remains.

b. Under the following conditions, report the levels of ADH and subsequent urine osmolarity and flow rate: Normal (ADH, Urine Osmolarity, Urine Volume)

Back 38

Moderate, 600 mOsm, 1.1 ml/min

Front 39

a. By the medullary collecting duct, only 5 % of the filtrate remains.

b. Under the following conditions, report the levels of ADH and subsequent urine osmolarity and flow rate: Dehydration (ADH, Urine Osmolarity, Urine Volume)

Back 39

High, 1400 mOsm, 0.25 ml/min

Front 40

a. By the medullary collecting duct, only 5 % of the filtrate remains.

b. Under the following conditions, report the levels of ADH and subsequent urine osmolarity and flow rate: Overhydration (ADH, Urine Osmolarity, Urine Volume)

Back 40

Low, 100 mOsm, 16 ml/min

Front 41

Urine with a "high normal osmolarity" and containing RBC's and protein would indicate:

Back 41

Renal disease

Front 42

Urine with a very high osmolarity and glucose would indicate

Back 42

Diabetes mellitus

Front 43

Urine with a very low osmolarity and high volume would indicate

Back 43

Diabetes inspidus

Front 44

An increase in plasma potassium levels would lead to what changes in the following (increase of decrease): Aldosterone levels

Back 44

increase

Front 45

An increase in plasma potassium levels would lead to what changes in the following (increase of decrease): Potassium excretion

Back 45

increase

Front 46

An increase in plasma potassium levels would lead to what changes in the following (increase of decrease): Sodium excretion

Back 46

decrease

Front 47

An increase in plasma potassium levels would lead to what changes in the following (increase of decrease): Interstitial osmolarity

Back 47

increase

Front 48

An increase in plasma potassium levels would lead to what changes in the following (increase of decrease): Urine volume

Back 48

decrease