Unit 3B Vocabulary - Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis

Front 1

Autosome

Back 1

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Front 2

Centromere

Back 2

the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis

Front 3

Chromatid

Back 3

one of the two strands of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis

Front 4

Diploid

Back 4

a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes

Front 5

Haploid

Back 5

describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes

Front 6

Histone

Back 6

a type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells

Front 7

Homologous Chromosome

Back 7

chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis

Front 8

Karyotype

Back 8

an array of the chromosomes found in an individual’s cells at metaphase of mitosis and arranged in homologous pairs and in order of diminishing size

Front 9

Non-histone

Back 9

relating to or being any of the eukaryotic proteins (as DNA polymerase) that form complexes with DNA but are not considered histones

Front 10

Sex Chromosome

Back 10

one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

Front 11

Anaphase

Back 11

a phase of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes separate

Front 12

Binary Fission

Back 12

a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

Front 13

Cell Cycle

Back 13

the cycle of growth and asexual reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase followed in actively dividing cells by prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Front 14

Cell Plate

Back 14

the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two

Front 15

Centriole

Back 15

an organelle that is active during mitosis

Front 16

Centrosome

Back 16

a small region near the nucleus in the cell cytoplasm, containing the centrioles.

Front 17

Cleavage Furrow

Back 17

The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.

Front 18

Cytokinesis

Back 18

the division of the cytoplasm of a cell; cytokinesis follows the division of the cell's nucleus by mitosis or meiosis

Front 19

G0

Back 19

A nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle.

Front 20

G1

Back 20

The first period of interphase, in which the cell doubles in size and synthesizes new proteins and organelles.

Front 21

G2

Back 21

The cell continues to grow.

Front 22

Interphase

Back 22

the period of the cell cycle during which activities such as cell growth and protein synthesis occur without visible signs of cell division

Front 23

Kinetochore

Back 23

A structure formed adjacent to the centromere of a condensed chromosome that allows the chromosome to attach to microtubules of the meiotic or mitotic spindle.

Front 24

Kinetochore Fiber

Back 24

microtubules that connect kinetochores to spindle polar fibers.

Front 25

Mitosis

Back 25

in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes

Front 26

Metaphase

Back 26

one of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, during which all of the chromosomes move to the cell's equator

Front 27

Meiosis

Back 27

a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells (gametes or spores)

Front 28

Mitotic Spindle

Back 28

The fusiform figure characteristic of a dividing cell, consisting of microtubules, some of which become attached to each chromosome at its centromere and provide the mechanism for chromosomal movement. Also called nuclear spindle

Front 29

M Phase

Back 29

Portion of the cell cycle when cell division occurs.

Front 30

Polar Fiber

Back 30

spindle fibers that extend from the two poles of a dividing cell.

Front 31

Prophase

Back 31

the first stage of mitosis and meiosis in cell division; characterized by the condensation of the chromosomes

Front 32

S Phase

Back 32

second stage of interphase between G1 and G2; period of DNA replication.

Front 33

Spindle Fiber

Back 33

one of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes

Front 34

Telophase

Back 34

the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes

Front 35

Asexual Reproduction

Back 35

reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

Front 36

Crossing-over

Back 36

the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis; can result in genetic recombination

Front 37

Gamete

Back 37

a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote

Front 38

Genetic Recombination

Back 38

the regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents

Front 39

Independent Assortment

Back 39

the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes

Front 40

Oogenesis

Back 40

the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum

Front 41

Polar Body

Back 41

a short-lived product of the formation of gametes by meiosis

Front 42

Sexual Reproduction

Back 42

reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite

Front 43

Spermatid

Back 43

An immature male sex cell formed from a spermatocyte that can develop into a spermatozoon without further division

Front 44

Spermatogenesis

Back 44

the process by which male gametes form

Front 45

Synapsis

Back 45

the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

Front 46

Tetrad

Back 46

the four chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together as a result of synapsis during meiosis

Front 47

Auto

Back 47

self

Front 48

Ana

Back 48

up, against

Front 49

Centr

Back 49

center

Front 50

Non

Back 50

not

Front 51

a/an

Back 51

not, without

Front 52

Phase

Back 52

A distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part of something's development.