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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
progression of intimate relationships
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initial attraction
close connection commitment |
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initial attraction relies on the 4 gateways to attraction:
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-frequent exposure
-physical attractiveness -availability -absence of exclusion material |
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sternbergs 3 dimensions of love
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-passion
-intimacy -commitment |
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stereotypically masquline communication:
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direct and assertve
aimes at: -task completion -social dominance |
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stereotypically feminine communication
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inclusive and supportive
aimes at: -creating intimacy -avoiding conflict |
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characteristics of tentative language?
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-expressions of uncertainty
-hedges -tag questions -intensifiers |
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women do use tentative language more than men BUT:
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-strongly context dependent
-more overlap than difference in communication styles -expression of interpersonal sensitivity, rather than lack of assertiveness |
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friendships reflect the gender roles seen in ______ styles
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COMMUNICATION!
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female friendships:
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-based on intimacy and trust
-dyads -more fragile |
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male friendships
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based on shared activities
-larger groups of interrelated friends -traditional gender roles and homophobia prevent the development of intimacy |
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cross-gender friendships:
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-rely on flexibility of each friend
-provides a basis for practicing male-female communication |
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dating basics
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-begins with attraction
-passion typically precedes intimacy and commitment -follows the heterosexual script, lesbian and gay relationships too! |
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Family duty model (marraige)
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commitment to eachother and the family
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companionship model
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distinct, traditional gender roles for men and women
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independence model (marraige)
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assumes equality between partners and values individual freedom and development
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interdependence model (marraige)
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emphasis commitment and mutual support between partners
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cohabitating relationships compared to marraige
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-less stable due to more factors than those related to marraige
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similarities in experience of emotions between men and women:
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-reported frequency
-observed expression |
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differences in expression of emotion between genders:
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-Display Rules (reflect cultural stereotypes about femininity and masqulinity)
-Most gender differences exist in the display rules, not in experienced emotion (social learning leads to bias) |
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Display rules (emotion) vary by culture
Examples: |
-collectivist cultures
-individualist cultures -anger is not universally masculine |
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origin of maternal instinct stereotype:
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-women seen as intellectually inferior to men and more emotionally responsive to babies
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Harlow's studies with primates, are women inately prepared to nurture young?
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-maternal abilities are associated with emotional stability and social interaction during youth
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(maternal instinct)
Biological Imperative: protect and care for offspring |
-no evidence that care can only come from mothers
-gender bias produces evidence in support of maternal instinct and paternal failure to nurture -gender stereotypes perpetuate the tendency to percieve mothers in caregiving roles |
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the evolutionary psychology viwe that aggression was advantageous to men OVERLOOKS:
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-the necessity of aggression in females
-the fact that unchecked aggression is counter-productive to group fitness |
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how do men and women differ in aggression?
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-display of aggression
-purpose of aggression |
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aggression and compulsivity DECREASE with age, why?
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-prefrontal cortex develops
-temporary increase at puberty |
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gender influences ____ of aggression displayed
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TYPE of aggression
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men are the most common _____ and _____ of violent crime
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perpetrators and victims of violent crime
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common traits of males who commit violent crimes
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-family history of instability and violence
-hold traditional gender stereotypes about women -treat women with violence -feel entitled to sex |
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neil MALAMUTH proposed that the convergence of 2 factors relate to rape:
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1. high levels of uncommited, impersonal sex
2. hostil masqulinity- hostility toward and desire to dominate women |
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men and women experience similar levels of anger, but men are more likely to express their anger as physical aggression. why is this?
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-different social expectations
-different reninforcements for aggression experienced by boys and girls |
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regarding aggression, women are more likely to____
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-be violent in private
-use indirect or social aggression -respond violently if they feel justified in doing so and protected from retaliation |
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Robert Brannon listed 4 criteria for compliance with the Male Gender Role Identity, two of which were emotion:
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1. No sissy stuff
2. Give em hell |
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Psychologists have used 3 types of measurements to assess emotion:
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1. self-reports
2. observed behavior 3. physical arousal |
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there are few gender differences in the experience of emotion, HOWEVER there are gender differences in_____
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-how and when emition is displayed
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the notion that emotion's are the result of instincts can be traced to
---- |
-Darwings theory of evolution
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in psych the explanation that emotion is instictive has faded EXCEPT FOR_____
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--beliefs about maternal instinct
-an instinct towards aggression |
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Harlow's studies with monkeys demonstrated that ___________ was critical in developing adequate maternal behaviors
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experience
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attachment is a concept related to maternal instinct BUT ________
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does not necessarily rely on instinct as its basis
-allows for attachment between infants and other caregivers |
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research on gender differences in responsiveness to babies in self reports and public displays found......
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that it is consistent with the stereotypes
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boys are free to express their nurturance to ____, and they do
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pets
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the greater pleasure for women caring for children comes with_____
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-greater irritation in caring for them
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does the concept of maternal isntinct have any support as a biologically based explanation for caregiving?
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-NO
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agression is stable over time, explain:
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-violent children are more likely to be violent adults and to have aggressive children
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small gender differences in aggression in lab studies, but LARGE DIFFERENCES exist in ________
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-crime rates
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univerals in emotion across cultures:
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experience the same range of emotions, including the 6 basic:
-happiness -surprise -fear -sadness -anger -contempt |
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diversity in emotion across culture:
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-situations that evoke these emotions and the rules that govern their display differ enormously across cultures
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differences in group associations for boys and girls:
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-girls smaller groups
-boys larger groups with more of a hierarchial organization |
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when did dating arise and why did it?
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1920's
changing patterns of mate selection |
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dating is not only a method of courting but also:
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-forum for recreation
-socialization -sexual exploration |
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we prefer partners who are:
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-warm and kind
-expressive -intelligent -physically attractive |
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blueprints for marraige or committed relationships:
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-companionship
-independence -interdependence |
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companionship blueprint:
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-separate gender roles and emphasizes the womens role in maintaining a love relationship
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independence blueprint
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-arouse in 1960's
-meeting of two independent individuals -emphasizes self developmenmt -concept of androynous marraige arose -blueprint critisized for encouraging empty relationships with insufficient committment |
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interdependence blueprint
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-also includes flexible gender roles, BUT calls for committment based on acknoledging mutual dependence
-Cancian argues that partners are always dependent or eachother in relationships and that the other two blueprints fail to acknoledge this |
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Sternber's triangular model of love in relation to Cancian's blueprints:
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-companionship blueprint: have all 3 components but not in equal proportion for men and women. women seek more intimacy than men, producing unequal balance
-Independent: short on committment Interdependent: consumate love, the equal balance of all 3 components |
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men are more ______ in their conceptualization of love, and marraige tends to ______ them more
BUT..... |
romantic,
benefit, BUT they are not necessarily happier with their marraiges |
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research shows that differences in communication are more likely due to _____ than to gender
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-power differentials
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why does the balance of power in marraige generally favor men?
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-greater economic resources
-society accords men more power |
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division of household labor reflects_____
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power difference, women perform far more housetasks even when they have paid employment outside of the home
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both men and women behave violently towards eachother in some marraiges, BUT...
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women more likely to be injured
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stable love relationships tend to occur in couples with:
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-similar attitudes and values
-the commitment factor in marraige produces greater stability than other love relationships |
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Most women and men find positive factors in divorce despite the financial and emotional problems:
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-most remarry or cohabit
-form more equitable second marraiges |
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male-dominated cultures and marraige:
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-restrict women's access to resources
-tend to establish restrictive relationships -allow fewer options for women to leave marraige -condone greater intimate partner violence |
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most sex research has used the surveying technique, what are problems with this method?
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-possibility of inaccuracy of self reports
-obtaining a representative sample that allows generalization to the population |
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who conducted the most famous sex serveys and what did they find?
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-Kinsey
-prevalence of many sexual activities that differed from social norms |
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what surveys attempted to extend Kinsey's findings?
-what change did they find? |
-the Playboy foundation survey
-the National Health and Social Life survey -decrease in double standard |
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Masters and Johnson approach to studying sexuality:
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-measuring sexual responses directly during masturbation and intercourse in an attempt to understand the physiology of sexual response
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Masters and Johnson 4 stages of sexual response:
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-excitement
-plateau -orgasm -resolution |
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gender differences in premarital sexual activity have ______ over the past 50 years
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decreased
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infrequency of masturbation may lead women to what?
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being less likely to orgasm during partnered sex
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underlying reasons for this sexual orientation is not understood however recent research has concentrated on biological factors such as:
these biological factors may interact with ___________ to produce homosexuality, bisexuality, or heterosexuality |
-genetics
-prenatal exposure -personality traits and preferences |
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most poorly understood sexual orientation
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bisexual
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regarding their performance in classroom work boys receive more___________
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-attention and feedback
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what gender makes better grades in elementary school?
confidence in abilities as students get to Jr. High? |
-girls
-less confident |
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while it is now more common for girls to pursue courses in math and science, but they are still less likely to take ______________courses
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PHYSICAL science
-computer |
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what kinds of careers does gender stereotyping push men and women into? (that enter career and technical education programs)
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men: lucrative skilled trades
women: low-paying clerical and child-care skills |
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attacment
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an intimate relationship that forms between a caregiver (almost always a mother) and an infant
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bonding
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an emotional attachment that develops between primary caregiver and infant within a few hours or days after birth
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display rules
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learned social rules that govern who may display which emotion to whom, and in what situation each emotion may be displayed
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companionate love
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committment and intimacy without passion
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gross motor skills
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skills involving use of large muscles of the body, producing large movements
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homophobia
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the unreasonable fear and hatred of homosexuality
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machoism
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strong and assertive masqulinity, implys complete male authority
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matriarchy
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a family patern in which women are dominant or a pattern in which women are the head of the household due to the fathers absence
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fear of success
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the negative consequences that come with success
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Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
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the federal act that prohibited educational institutions that recieve federal funds from discriminating on the basis of gender
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gender harrassment
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a type of sexual harassment that occurs when people are subjected to offensive or hostile behavior because of their gender
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glass ceiling
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the invisible barrior that seems to prevent women and ethnic minorities from reaching the highest levels of their professions
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hostile enviroment sexual harrassment
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the type of sexual harassment that occurs when employers allow offensive elements to exist in the work enviroment
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quid pro quo sexual harassment
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sexual harassment in the form of demands for sexual favors in exchange for employment or promotion
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sex role spillover
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the hypothesis that gender role characteristics spill over into the workplace, creating stereotyping and sexualized atmosphere
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cardiovascular disease
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a group of diseases involving the heart and circulatory system, some of which are life threatening; heart attack and stroke are the most common
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morbidity
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illness
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mortality
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death
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osteoporosis
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the process of bone demineralization, resulting in greater likelihood of orthopedic problems and injuries
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agoraphobia
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anxiety about being in places or situations in which escape might be difficult or embarassing
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antisocial personality disorder
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irresponsible and antisocial behavior such as lyign, fighting, stealing, and physical cruelty
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coping
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the process of changing thoughts and behaviors to manage situations that involve potential stressors
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culture-bound syndromes
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patterns of abnormal behavior that are unique to a specific culture group
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