Unit 3 Genetics

Front 1

What's a DNase I hypersensitive site

Back 1

Its where chromatin is cleaved to relax its structure to makes DNA accessible (about 1 kilobase upstream of a transcriptionally active gene)

Front 2

Histones...

Back 2

Regulate gene expression by reducing the rate of transcription

Front 3

Promoter

Back 3

A DNA sequence located near the start of a gene that RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription

Front 4

Repressor

Back 4

A transcription factor that prevents mRNA synthesis by binding to the operator of a gene

Front 5

Insulator

Back 5

A transcriptional element that blocks the signal between enhancers and promoters

Front 6

Regulatory Gene

Back 6

A gene that controls the expression of one or more genes by promoting or inhibiting transcription

Front 7

Inducer

Back 7

A small molecule that activates transcription by inhibiting the action of a repressor protein

Front 8

Operator

Back 8

A short sequence of DNA located near the promoter region that is recognized by repressor protein

Front 9

What is more common in eukaryotes activators or repressors

Back 9

Activators

Front 10

What are transcription factors composed of

Back 10

Amino acids

Front 11

What do inducers do

Back 11

Find activator proteins enhance the ability of the activator to bind DNA also allows transcription of specific genes.

Front 12

What alternative RNA splicing do?

Back 12

Determines which proteins are produced from each gene

Front 13

miRNA AKA micro RNA

Back 13

Caries information for the amino acid sequence of a protein

Front 14

How can micro RNA's regulate gene expression

Back 14

It can prevent translation by binding to mRNA and degrading the mRNA strand

Front 15

How is an epigenetic change different from a mutation

Back 15

A mutation Alters the nucleotide sequence in the DNA. An epigenetic change does not alter the DNA sequence but it can be inherited by daughter cells

Front 16

Types of epigenetic modifications

Back 16

Methylation, ubiquitylation, acetylation

Front 17

What base is more likely be methylated in human DNA

Back 17

Cytosine

Front 18

Transcription

Back 18

The process where the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA

Front 19

Translation

Back 19

Where the protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of mRNA

Front 20

MRNA AKA messenger RNA

Back 20

It carries the genetic message from the DNA in the nucleus to the protein-making Machinery in the cytoplasm

Front 21

Which way does RNA primase go

Back 21

And the five Prime end to 3 Prime

Front 22

Sigma Factor

Back 22

Controls The Binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter

Front 23

Promoters

Back 23

DNA sequences that tell RNA polymerase location to initiate RNA synthesis

Front 24

Acetylation of histones

Back 24

DNA can be used / loosened

Front 25

Core promoters

Back 25

For the general transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind basically always has a ta ta box

Front 26

Regulatory promoter

Back 26

Allow cells to express certain genes high levels in response to specific signals

Front 27

Enhancers

Back 27

DNA sequences that function to enhance transcription can be found anywhere in DNA

Front 28

Collinearity

Back 28

When the number of nucleotides in and she is proportional to the number of Amino acids in the protein mainly in bacteria and most viruses but not eukaryotes

Front 29

MRNA

Back 29

Template for protein synthesis

Front 30

Primary structure

Back 30

Amino of sequence of amino acids

Front 31

Secondary structure

Back 31

How polypeptide is coiled or folded

Front 32

Tertiary structure

Back 32

Overall 3 dimensional shape of the protein

Front 33

Quaternary structure

Back 33

Shape of the structure formed by interactions between different polypeptides

Front 34

Synonymous codons

Back 34

Codons that specify the same amino acid

Front 35

Wobble

Back 35

Base pairing rules are relaxed at the third position of a codon

Front 36

Where do Amino acids bind to TRNA

Back 36

3 Prime end

Front 37

Where's the shine dalgarno sequence found

Back 37

MRNA

Front 38

Elongation

Back 38

When amino acids are joined together

Front 39

Histones

Back 39

Small positively charged proteins and they bind to negatively charged phosphates of DNA

Front 40

nucleosome

Back 40

DNA wrapped around the histone octamer

Front 41

DNA methylation

Back 41

Makes it so DNA cannot be read