Ap Human Geography Unit 3 Vocabulary- Alloway

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Culture

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A group of beliefs systems, norms and values practiced by a people.

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Folk Culture

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Cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions,and institutions of usually small, traditional communities.

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Popular Culture

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Cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today’s changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western societies.

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Local Culture

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Group of people in a particular place who see themselves asa collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, andwho work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniquenessand to distinguish themselves from others.

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Material Culture

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The art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people.

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Non-material Culture

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The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.

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Assimilation

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The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture. Often used to describe immigrant adaptation to new places of residence.

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Custom

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Practice routinely followed by a group of people.

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Cultural Appropriation

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The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit.

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Neolocalism

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The seeking out of the regional culture and re-invigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world.

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Ethnic Neighborhood

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Neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs.

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Commodification

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The process through which something is given monetary value. Occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy.

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Authenticity

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In the context of local cultures or customs, the accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys another wise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs.

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Distance Decay

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The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction.

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Time-Space Compression

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Refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity.

Refers to the greatly accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the twentieth century made possible by technological innovations in transportation and communications.

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Opinion Leaders

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People in social networks who have millions of followers and help diff use new ideas and products hierarchically.

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Reterritorialization

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With respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own.

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Placelessness

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The loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next.

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Global-Local Continuum

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The notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa. This idea posits that the world is comprised of an interconnected series of relationships that extend across space.

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Glocalization

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The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes.

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Interface areas

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Places where neighborhoods associated with different religions meet.

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Religion

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A system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities.

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Secularism

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The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife.

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Monotheistic religion

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Belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe.

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Polytheistic religion

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Belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe.

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Animistic religion

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The belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees,rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth.

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Universalizing religion

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A belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope. Adherents of these religious systems often put great effort into evangelism and missionary work.

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Ethnic religion

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A religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct,group of people. Adherents do not actively seek converts through evangelism or missionary work

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Hinduism

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One of the oldest religions in the modern world, dating back over 4000 years, and originating in the Indus River Valley of what is today part of Pakistan. This faith unique among the world’s religions in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins.

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Caste system

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The strict social segregation of people— specifically in India’s Hindu society—on the basis of ancestry and occupation.

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Syncretic

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A blend of religious beliefs and traditions, often forming a new religion.

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Buddhism

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Religion founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty;and never hurting another person or animal. It splintered from Hinduism as a reaction to the strict social hierarchy maintained by Hinduism.

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Shintoism

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Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. It focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.

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Taoism

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Religion believed to have been founded by Lao-Tsu and based upon his book entitled “Book of the Way.” Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature.

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Feng Shui

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Literally “wind-water.” The Chinese art and science of placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, and cities. Structures and objects are positioned in an effort to channel flows of sheng-chi (“lifebreath”)in favorable ways.

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Confucianism

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A philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of a Chinese scholar and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture.

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Judaism

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Religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur),who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one god. According to teachings, Abraham and God have a covenant in which they agree to worship only one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people.

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Diaspora

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A term describing forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place. Originally denoting the dispersal of Jews, it is increasingly applied to other population dispersals, such as the involuntary relocation of Black peoples during the slave trade or Chinese peoples outside of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong.

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Zionism

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The movement to unite the Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land.

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Secularism

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The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife.

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Christianity

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Religion based on the teachings of Jesus. According to teachings, Jesus is the son of God, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to God’s plan.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

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One of three major branches of Christianity,the Eastern Orthodox Church, together with the Roman Catholic Church, a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions: two western regions centered in Rome, and two eastern regions centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). In 1054 CE,Christianity was divided along that same line when the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople; and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split.

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Roman Catholic Church

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One of three major branches of Christianity,the Roman Catholic Church, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church,a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions:two western regions centered in Rome, and two eastern regions centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). In 1054 CE, Christianity was divided along that same line when the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople; and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split.

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Protestant

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One of three major branches of Christianity (together with the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church). Following the widespread societal changes in Europe starting in the 1300s CE,many adherents of the Roman Catholic Church began to question the role of religion in their lives and opened the door to the Protestant Reformation wherein John Huss, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others challenged many of the fundamental teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Islam

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The youngest of the major world religions, it is based on the teachings of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE. According to teachings, Muhammad received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations during which Muhammad spoke the verses of the Qu’ran (Koran), the holy book.

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Sunni

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Adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life’s problems, and they differ from other Muslims in accepting the traditions (sunna) of Muhammad as authoritative.

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Shi'ite

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Adherents of one of the two main divisions of Islam. They represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali.

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Indigenous religions

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Belief systems and philosophies practiced and traditionally passed from generation to generation among peoples within an tribe or group.

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Shamanism

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Community faith in traditional societies in which people follow their religious leader, teacher, healer, and visionary.

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Piligrimage

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Voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site.

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Sacred Sites

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Place or space people infuse with religious meaning

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Minarets

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Tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to prayer.

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Hajj

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The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad.

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Interfaith boundaries

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Boundaries between the world’s major faiths.

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Intrafaith boundaries

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Boundaries within a single major faith.

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Religious fundmentalism

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Religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy.

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Religious extremism

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Religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence.

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Jihad

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A doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as “Holy War,” represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu’ran.