Unit 2 Chemistry Test

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Science

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All of the human efforts put forth to achieve a systematic understanding of the physical universe through disciplined inquiry

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Biological Science

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science that deals with living things

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Physical Science

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deals with all non-living things

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Chemistry

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The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes they undergo

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Chemical (Dictionary Def.)

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A substance produced or used in a chemical process

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Chemical(Scientific Def.)

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Any substance that has a definite composition.

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The 6 Branches of Chemistry

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Organic, Inorganic, Physical, Biochemistry, Analytical, and Theoretical

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Organic Chemistry

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study of most carbon-containing compounds. (any life form)

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Inorganic Chemistry

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study of all substances containing elements other than carbon.

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Physical Chemistry

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study of properties, transformations, and relationships between energy and matter.(mostly math)

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Biochemistry

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study of all substances and the processes that occur in living things. (Ex. metabolism)

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Analytical Chemistry

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the identification of substances and the qualitative and quantitative determination of the composition of materials. (Ex. forensic sciences)

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Theoretical Chemistry

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the use of math and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds.

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Basic Research

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carried out just for the sake of increasing knowledge

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Applied Research

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carried out to solve a problem/fix something

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Technological Research

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carried out to make products that will improve the quality of our lives

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Mixture

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A combination of two or more kinds of matter, each of which, retains its own composition and properties

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Heterogeneous Mixture

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The compostion and properties are not uniform throughout, it differs from point to point in the mixture (Ex. chicken noodle soup, milk)

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Homogeneous Mixture

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The composition and properties are uniform throughout. (Ex. juice,brass, gatorade)

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Pure Substance

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A homogeneous sample of matter that has a fixed compostion and properties, whatever the source.

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Element

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A pure substance that cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical changes and is only made up of one kind of atom

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Atom

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the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element

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Compound

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A pure substance that can be decomposed into two or more simpler substances

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Law of Definite Composition

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A chemical compound contains the same element in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of size of sample or source of the compound

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Three differences between substances and mixtures

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1. S--every sample has same properties M---properties depend of amount of sample
2.S--same compostion
M---no fixed composition
3.S--cannot be separated by physical means M--can be separated by physical means

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Exothermic Reaction

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a process releasing heat---gets hotter

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Endothermic Reaction

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a process absorbing heat---gets cooler

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Indications a Chemical Reaction has occured

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1. evolution of heat/light
2.production of a gas
3.formation of a precipitate
4.color change

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Reactant

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substances that undergo the chemical change

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Product

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the new substance produced by a chemical reaction

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Chemical Change/Reaction

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Any changes in which one or more substances are converted into different substances with different characteristic properties

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Chemical Property

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refers to the ability of a substance to undergo a change that alters its identity

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Changes in state are always________ changes

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Physical

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Physical Change

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any change in a property of matter that does not result in a change in identity

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Physical Property

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can be observed or measured without altering the identity of the material; can be qualitative or quantitative(describes the material itself-not what it changes into)

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Intensive Property

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a property that does not depend on the amount of matter present. (Ex. melting point, density, odor)

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Extensive Property

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a property that does depend on the amount of matter present (Ex. length, mass)

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Property

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characteristics that enable us to distinguish one kind of matter from another

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Solid

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an object with a definite shape and volume

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Liquid

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an object with a definite volume but has the ability to take the shape of the container(indefinite shape)

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Gas

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NO definite shape or volume

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Three state of matter that form naturally on earth

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Solid,Liquid,Gas

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Plasma

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a high temperature physical state where atoms lose their electrons (Ex. stars,space,etc. only forms at extremely high temps or high pressure)

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Metalloids

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Contains characteristics of both metals and non-metals; semiconductors

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Metals

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Luster,ductile,high tensile strength,good reflectors of light,good conductors of heat/electricity,vary in hardness, all solids except mercury

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Nonmetals

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poor conductors of heat/electricity, all states, solids are brittle,Bromine is only other liquid.

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Groups

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also referred to as families;numbered 1-18;run vertically;elements within the same group have similar chemical properties

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Period

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numbered 1-7; run horizontally; the closer they are in the same period, the more similar they are.

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________was named after an American nuclear chemist

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Seaborgium

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________was named after a French Chemist

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Curium

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_________was named after a Danish physicist

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Bohrium

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__________was named after a German province

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Hassium

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__________was named after a Russian city

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Dubnium

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____________was named after an Austrian physicist

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Meitnerium

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__________was named after the person who first published the periodic table of elements

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Mendelevium

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________was named after an Italian nuclear scientist

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Fermium

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________named after the developer of the theory of relativity

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Einsteinium

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_________was named after the creator of the gold-foil experiment

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Rutherfordium