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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Boston Massacre
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a violent clash between British troops and a Boston mob on March 5, 1770. the incident inflamed anti-British sentiment in Massachusetts.
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Boston Tea Party
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raid on British ships in which Patriots disguised as Mohawks threw hundreds of chests of tea owned by the East India Company into Boston Harbor to protest British taxes.
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Coercive Acts
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also known as the Intolerable Acts, the four pieces of legislation passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party to punish Massachusetts.
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Common Sense
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Revolutionary tract written by Thomas Paine in 1776. It called for independence and republican government in America.
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committee of correspondence
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Communication network formed in Massachusetts and other colonies to communicate grievances and provide colonists with evidence of British oppression.
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First Continental Congress
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a meeting of delegates from 12 colonies in Philadelphia in 1774, the Congress denied Parliament's authority to legislate for the colonies, condemned British actions toward the colonies, created the Continental Association, and endorsed a call to take up arms.
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Loyalists
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Colonists sided with Britain during the American Revolution.
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parliamentary sovereignty
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Principle that emphasized Parliament's power to govern colonial affairs.
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Second Continental Congress
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a gathering of colonial representatives in Philadelphia in 1775 that organized the Continental Association, and endorsed a call to take up arms.
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Stamp Act Congress
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meeting of colonial delegates in New York City in October 1765 to protest the Stamp Act, a law passed by Parliament to raise revenue in America.
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Stamp Act of 1765
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placed a tax on newspapers and printed matter produced in the colonies, causing mass opposition by colonists.
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Treaty of Paris of 1763
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agreement establishing American independence after the Revolutionary War. It also transferred territory est of the Mississippi River, except for Spanish Florida, to the new republic.
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Whigs
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the American Whigs supported federal power and internal improvements but not territorial expansion. the Whig party collapsed in the 1850's.
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Yorktown
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Virginia market town on a peninsula bounded by the York and James rivers, where Lord Cornwallis's army was trapped by the Americans and French in 1781.
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1764
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Parliament passes the Sugar Act.
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1765
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Stamp Act passed; 9 colonies send delegates to Stamp Act Congress.
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1766
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Stamp Act repealed; Declaratory Act passed.
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1767
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Townshend Revenue Acts stir American anger.
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1770
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Townshend duties repealed; Boston Massacre kills 5.
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1773
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Boston Tea Party held in response to Tea Act.
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1774
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Boston punished with Coercive Acts (March-June); First Continental Congress meets (Sept.)
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1775
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Patriots take stand at Lexington and Concord (April); Second Continental Congress meets (May); bloody British victory at Bunker Hill (June).
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1776
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Congress votes for Independence, declaration issued (July); British defeat Washington at Long Island (August); Americans score victory at Trenton (Dec.).
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1777
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Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga.
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1778
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France recognizes U.S. (Feb.)
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1780
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British take Charleston, S.C.
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1781
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Washington forces Cornwallis to surrender at Yorktown, Va. (Oct.).
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1783
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Treaty of Paris signed.
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African Methodist Episcopal Church
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Richard Allen founded the AME first independent black run Protestant church in the U.S. AME Church was active in the abolition movement and founded educational institutions for free blacks.
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Antifederalists
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critics of the Constitution who advocated its ratification
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Articles of Confederation
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document was the United States' first constitution, providing a framework for national government. the articles limited central authority by denying the national government any taxation or coercive power.
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Bill of Rights
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the first ten amendments to the constitution, adopted in 1791 to preserve the rights and liberties of individuals.
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Federalist
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supporter of the Constitution who advocated its ratification.
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natural rights
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fundamental rights over which the government should exercise no control.
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Northwest Ordinance
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legislation in 1787 that established governments in America's northwest territories, defined a procedure for their admission to the Union as states, and prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River.
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republicanism
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concept that ultimate political authority is vested in the citizens of the nation.
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Shays’ Rebellion
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An uprising led by a former militia officer, Daniel Shays, which broke out in western Massachusetts in 1786. Shays's followers protested the foreclosures of farms for debt and briefly succeeded in shutting down the court system.
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Three-fifths rule
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Constitutional provision that for every five slaves a state would receive credit for three free voters in-determining seats for the House of Representatives.
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Virginia Plan
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was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a strong executive office and two houses of Congress each with representation proportional to a state's population. The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
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1776
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Eight states draft new constitutions
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1777
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Congress accepts Articles of Confederation after long debate (Nov.)
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1781
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Virginia gives up land claim; states ratify Articles of Confederation
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1785
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Congress passes Land Ordinance
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1786
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Annapolis Convention backs revising Articles of Confederation (Sept.); Shays’ Rebellion frightens American leaders
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1787
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Constitutional Convention convened (May); Congress passes Northwest Ordinance (July)
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1788
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U.S. Constitution ratified when New Hampshire becomes 9th state to accept it (June 21)
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1791
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Bill of Rights ratified by states
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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collective name given to four laws Congress passed to suppress criticism of the federal government and curb liberties of foreigners living in the United States.
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Bank of the United States
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National bank proposed by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and served as a central depository for the U.S. government and had the authority to issue currency.
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Farewell Address
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President George Washington announced his intention not to seek a third term. he also stressed Federalist interests and warned Americans against political factions and foreign entanglements.
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French Revolution
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a social and political revolution in France.
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implied powers
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powers the Constitution did not explicitly grant the federal government, but that it could be interpreted to grant.
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Jay’s Treaty
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treaty with Britain negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in 1794. though the British agreed to surrender forts on U.S. territory, the treaty provoked a storm of protest in America.
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
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statements penned by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to mobilize opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts, which they argued were unconstitutional.
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Quasi-War
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undeclared war between the United States and France in the late 1790's.
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XYZ Affair
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a diplomatic incident in which American peace commissioners sent to France by President John Adams in 1797 were insulted with bribe demands from their French counterparts, dubbed X,Y, and Z.
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Whiskey Rebellion
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protests in 1794 by western Pennsylvania farmers against a federal tax on whiskey.
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1789
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George Washington unanimously elected first president (Feb.); French Revolution erupts
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1790
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Congress approves Hamilton’s plan for funding and assumption (July)
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1791
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Bank of the United States chartered (Feb.); Congress rejects Report on Manufactures (Dec.)
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1793
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France announces “war … against all kings” (Feb.); Washington proclaims neutrality (April)
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1794
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Whiskey Rebellion put down by U.S. Army; Gen. Wayne defeats Indians at Fallen Timbers
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1795
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Jay’s Treaty divides nation; Pinckney gets concessions from Spain
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1796
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Washington publishes Farewell Address (Sept.); John Adams elected president (Dec.)
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1797
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XYZ Affair poisons relations with France
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1798-1800
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Quasi-War with France
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1798
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Congress passes Alien and Sedition Acts, provoking protest
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1799
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George Washington dies; Adams breaks with Hamiltonians, sends negotiators to France
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1801
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Jefferson elected president in vote by House of Representatives
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Battle of New Orleans
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battle that occurred in 1815 at the end of the War of 1812 when U.S. forces defeated a British attempt to seize New Orleans.
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Embargo Act
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in response to a British attack on an American warship off the coast of Virginia, this 1807 law prohibited foreign commerce.
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Hartford Convention
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was a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 – January 5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power
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judicial review
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the authority of the Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of the statutes.
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Lewis and Clark expedition
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overland expedition to the Pacific coast. commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson, it collected scientific data about the contry and its resources.
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Louisiana Purchase
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U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. the purchase secured American control of the Mississippi River and doubled the size of the nation.
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Marbury v. Madison
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the Supreme Court first asserted the power of judicial review by declaring an act of Congress unconstitutional.
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War Hawks
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congressional leaders who, in 1811 and 1812 called for war against British.
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War of 1812
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war between Brititsh and the United States. U.S. justifications for war included British violations of American maritime rights, impressment of seamen, provocation of the Indians, and defense of national honor.
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1801
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Adams makes “midnight” appointments of federal judges
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1802
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Judiciary Act repealed
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1803
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Chief Justice John Marshall establishes judicial review in Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Territory purchased from France
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1803-06
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Lewis & Clark explore Northwest
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1804
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Aaron Burr kills Hamilton; Jefferson elected to second term
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1805
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Senate acquits Justice Chase
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1807
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Burr acquitted of conspiracy; Embargo Act passed
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1808
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Slave trade ended (Jan.); James Madison elected president
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1809
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Embargo replaced with NonIntercourse Act
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1811
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Wm. Henry Harrison defeats Indians at Tippecanoe
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1812
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War declared against Britain (June); Madison re-elected
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1813
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Perry destroys British fleet on Lake Erie (Sept.); Tecumseh killed in American victory at Thames River (Oct.)
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1814
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Andrew Jackson crushes Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend (March); British burn Washington, D.C. (Aug.); Hartford Convention meets (Dec.); Treaty of Ghent ends war (Dec.)
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1815
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Jackson routs British at Battle of New Orleans (Jan.)
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How did ordinary colonists respond after the wealthy elite had initiated the American rebellion?
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They turned an elite movement into a mass movement.
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What was the tone of the Stamp Act Congress?
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restraint and conciliation, with no mention of independence or disloyalty
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Which list places events in the correct order?
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Townshend duties, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Coercive Acts
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What did military strategists in 1779 predict would be Britain's last chance for victory over the colonies?
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a successful campaign in the Southern colonies
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What does the following quote by Benjamin Rush signify? "The American war is over, but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed."
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The war was merely the first step in the colonists' move toward establishing a truly independent nation.
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An important fact about the Americans who wrote the first state constitutions was that they ________.
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demanded written documents
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The controversy which delayed ratification of the Articles of Confederation involved ________.
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the disposition of western lands
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Shays' Rebellion involved ________.
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discontented farmers in Massachusetts
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The Federalist was a series of essays written by ________.
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Madison, Hamilton and Jay
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How did the Constitutional Convention affect slavery?
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It permitted Congress to outlaw the importation of slaves in 1808.
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In the early 1790s, British actions toward the United States indicated ________
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disdain for American rights
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As a result of the actions taken by President Adams in 1799, ________.
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the United States resolved its differences with France
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How was George Washington's election to the presidency different from that of every president since?
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He was unanimously elected by the electoral college.
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Why did opponents criticize Alexander Hamilton's assumption program?
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It rewarded states like Massachusetts, which had sloppy financial systems, for nonpayment of debt.
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How was the election of 1800 a peaceful revolution?
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How was the election of 1800 a peaceful revolution?
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What difficulty did Jefferson face in purchasing the Louisiana Territory?
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the constitutionality of his actions
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Chief Justice John Marshall believed in judicial review, which is ________.
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the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the other two branches
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Why were regional identities formed in the U.S. in the early nineteenth century?
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People wanted to defend their shared economic interests, it was difficult to travel far, and there were distinct regional subcultures.
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In what ways was the Lewis and Clark expedition a success?
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It fulfilled Jefferson's scientific expectations and reaffirmed his faith in the future prosperity of the United States.
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The Congressional War Hawks in 1812 were most interested in ________.
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conquering Canada from the British
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