Unit 2

Front 1

What are the three main factors that influence total peripheral resistance (TPR)

Back 1

Vessel diameter

Blood viscosity

Total vassal length

Front 2

Name three hormones that act as vasoconstrictors.

Back 2

Epinephrine

Angiotensin II

Vasopressin (ADH)

Front 3

Name two hormones that directly increase blood volume

Back 3

Aldosterone

Vasopressin (ADH)

Front 4

Track the effect on blood pressure by reducing venous return. Go through all the steps

Back 4

Decreased venous return

Decreased stroke volume

Decreased cardiac output

Decreased blood

Front 5

Assuming the following factor increase, categorize as increase blood pressure or decrease blood pressure: Arterial diameter

Back 5

Decrease

Front 6

Assuming the following factor increase, categorize as increase blood pressure or decrease blood pressure: vessel elasticity

Back 6

Decrease

Front 7

Assuming the following factor increase, categorize as increase blood pressure or decrease blood pressure: blood volume

Back 7

Increase

Front 8

Assuming the following factor increase, categorize as increase blood pressure or decrease blood pressure: stroke volume

Back 8

Increase

Front 9

Assuming the following factor increase, categorize as increase blood pressure or decrease blood pressure: total vessel length

Back 9

Increase

Front 10

Assuming the following factor increase, categorize as increase blood pressure or decrease blood pressure: plasma epinephrine

Back 10

Increase

Front 11

Assuming the following factor increase, categorize as increase blood pressure or decrease blood pressure: plasma angiotensin

Back 11

Increase

Front 12

Assuming the following factor increase, categorize as increase blood pressure or decrease blood pressure: plasma ADH

Back 12

Increase

Front 13

Assuming the following factor increase, categorize as increase blood pressure or decrease blood pressure: parasympathetic stimulation

Back 13

Decrease

Front 14

Assuming the following factor increase, categorize as increase blood pressure or decrease blood pressure: sympathetic stimulation

Back 14

Increase

Front 15

A decrease in hematocrit will result in a ____in blood viscosity and a ____ in blood pressure

Back 15

Decrease, decrease

Front 16

An increase in fatty tissue will result in an____in total vessel length and an_____ in blood pressure

Back 16

Increase, increase

Front 17

Arteriosclerosis will result in a ____in vessel elasticity and an ____ in blood pressure

Back 17

Decrease, increase

Front 18

Excessive sweating will result in a short term____in blood volume and an____in blood pressure

Back 18

Decrease, increase

Front 19

An increase in epinephrine will result in a ____in vessel diameter and in ____ in blood pressure

Back 19

Decrease, increase

Front 20

Short term mechanisms for regulating blood pressure include regulating what three things?

Back 20

Vessel diameter

Heart rate

Contractibility

Front 21

Long term mechanisms will regulate

Back 21

Blood volume

Front 22

Two major arterial baroreceptors are located where?

Back 22

Aortic arch

Carotid sinus

Front 23

Explain the effect of increased blood pressure on the impulses sent to the brain, the effect on the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems and the resulting change in blood pressure.

Back 23

An increase in blood pressure results in an increase in impulses sent to the brain. This increase stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system (SNV not stimulated) resulting in a drop in blood pressure

Front 24

As a result of these changes in the PNS and SNS, list two effects on the heart and one on blood vessels..

(an increase in blood pressure results in an increase in impulses sent to the brain. This increase stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system (SNV not stimulated) resulting in a drop of blood pressure).

Back 24

Heart: heart rate decreases

Cardiac output decreases

Blood vessel: vasodilation ( increased arterial diameter due to relaxation of smooth muscle)

Front 25

Explain the effect of decrease blood pressure on the impulses sent to the brain, the effect of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems and the resulting change in blood pressure

Back 25

Decrease on BP results in decrease in impulses sent to the brain. This stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (PNS not stimulated) causing an increase in BP

Front 26

In addition to effects on heart and blood vessels, what two hormones were released from the adrenal gland?

Back 26

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 27

What cells in the kidney monitor low blood pressure?

Back 27

Juxtaglomerular

Front 28

What enzyme is released as a result of low blood pressure?

Back 28

Renin

Front 29

What does Renin act on on the blood?

Back 29

Angiotensinogen

Front 30

Name two effects of angiotensin II

Back 30

Increase in levels of aldosterone

Vasoconstriction

Front 31

The man effect of aldosterone is? How does this increase blood volume?

Back 31

Increase in Na+ reabsorption in kidneys

Water follows Na+

Front 32

What other hormone will increase water reabsorption from the kidneys?

Back 32

ADH

Front 33

What is the major stimulus for ADH?

Back 33

An increase in plasma osmolarity

Front 34

What regulates the flow of blood into true capillaries?

Back 34

Precapillary sphincters

Front 35

If all precapillary sphincters are closed, blood is ____ to the venules through ____ capillaries

Back 35

Shunted, thoroughfare

Front 36

Show whether high or low levels of the following would cause the feeder arterioles to dilate and the sphincters to relax

O2, CO2, PH, nutrients

Back 36

O2: decrease

CO2: increase

PH: decrease

Nutrients: decrease

Front 37

Physical factors also act as regulatory stimuli. How would decrease blood pressure and increased blood pressure affect arterioles?

Back 37

Decreased blood pressure: more perfusion

Increased blood pressure: less perfusion

Front 38

Name three structural characteristics of capillaries which allow for passage of materials out of the capillaries.

Back 38

Fenestration

Clefts

Cytoplasmic vesicles

Front 39

Diffusion accounts for the passage of

Back 39

O2 and CO2

Front 40

Non lipid solvable molecules move by?

Back 40

Exocytosis

Front 41

Water soluble solute a, such as amino acids and sugars, move through?

Back 41

Clefts or fenestration

Front 42

Bulk fluids flows cause___at the arterial end and____at the venous end of the capillary

Back 42

Filtration, reabsorption

Front 43

In a capillary, what is equivalent to hydrostatic pressure?

Back 43

Blood pressure

Front 44

Why is hydrostatic pressure low in the interstitial fluid?

Back 44

Excess fluid is picked up by lymphatic

Front 45

Net hydrostatic pressure tends to move fluid____the capillary

Back 45

Out of

Front 46

Osmotic (or Colloid Osmotic) pressure is the capillaries is ___compared to the interstitium

Back 46

High

Front 47

Net osmotic pressure tends to move fluid ___ the capillaries

Back 47

Into

Front 48

Given a net hydrostatic pressure of 34mmHg ad a net osmotic pressure of 22 mmHg, the force favoring filtration would equal ___mmHg

Back 48

12 (34-22)

Front 49

Indicate which of the following move through the capillary walls by diffusion and which move through fenestration and/or clefts: Butter, Fish, Cola, Potatoes

Back 49

Butter: diffusion

Fish: fenestration or clefts

Cola: fenestration or clefts

Potatoes: fenestration or clefts

Front 50

Lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs is received by the?

Back 50

Cisterna chyli

Front 51

Lymphoid stem cells that can form all types of lymphocyte occur in the?

Back 51

Bone Marrow

Front 52

Lymphatic vessels are located everywhere except the?

Back 52

Central nervous system

Front 53

The body's largest collection of lymphoid tissue is in the?

Back 53

Adult spleen

Front 54

Red blood cells that damaged or defective are removed from the bloodstream by the?

Back 54

Spleen

Front 55

Phagocytes move through capillary walls by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells, a process known as?

Back 55

Diapedesis

Front 56

Perforins and protectin are proteins associated with the activity of?

Back 56

NK cells

Front 57

Complement activation..

Back 57

Stimulates inflammation

Attracts phagocytosis

Enhances phagocytosis

Hint 57

3 points

Front 58

CD4 markers are associated with?

Back 58

Helper T cells

Front 59

Function of cytotoxic T cells?

Back 59

Lymphocyte responsible for cell mediated immunity

Front 60

Which two large collecting vessels are responsible for returning lymph to the veins of the circulatory system? What areas of the area does each serve?

Back 60

1. Thoracic Duct: Collects lymph from the body below the diaphragm and from the left side of the body above the diaphragm

2. Right thoracic duct: collects lymph from the right side of the body above the diaphragm

Front 61

What is the function of helper T cells?

Back 61

Stimulate the activation and function of T cells and B cells

Front 62

What is the function of suppressor T cells?

Back 62

Inhibit the activation and function of both T cells and B cells

Front 63

What is the function of plasma cells?

Back 63

Produce and secrete antibodies

Front 64

What is the function of NK cells?

Back 64

Recognize and destroy abnormal cells

Front 65

What is the function of stromatolites cells?

Back 65

Produce interleukin-7 which promotes the differentiation of B cells

Front 66

What is the function of reticular epithelial cells?

Back 66

Maintain the blood thymus barrier and secrete the thymic hormones that stimulate stem cell division and T cells differentiation

Front 67

What is the function of interferons?

Back 67

Interfere with viral replication inside the cell and stimulate the activities of macrophages and NK cells

Front 68

What is the function of Pyrogens?

Back 68

Reset the body's thermostat causing a rise in body temperature (fever)

Front 69

What is the function of T cells?

Back 69

Provide cell mediated immunity which defends against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells

Front 70

What is the function of B cells?

Back 70

Provide humoral immunity which defends against antigens and pathogens in the body (but not inside cells)

Front 71

What is the function of interleukins?

Back 71

Enhance nonspecific defenses and increase T cells sensitivity and stimulate B cells activity

Front 72

What is the function of tumor necrosis factor?

Back 72

Slow tumor growth and kill sensitive tumor cells

Front 73

What is the function of colony stimulating factor?

Back 73

Stimulate the production of blood cells in the bone marrow and lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues and organs

Front 74

What are the three classes of lymphocytes and where does each class originate?

Back 74

1. T cells derived from the thymus

2. B cells derived from bone marrow

3. NK cells derived from bone marrow

Front 75

What seven defenses, present at birth, provide the body with the defensive capability known as nonspecific resistance?

Back 75

Physical barriers

Phagocytic cells

Immunological surveillance

Interferons

Complement

Inflammation

Fever

Front 76

Compared with nonspecific defenses, specific defenses...

Back 76

Protect against threats on an individual basis

Front 77

T cells and B cells can be activated only by?

Back 77

Exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site on a cell membrane

Front 78

Class II MHC proteins appear in the cell membrane only when...

Back 78

The cell is processing antigens

Front 79

List the four general properties of immunity; give an explanation of each

Back 79

Specificity: the immune response is triggered by a specific antigen and defends against only that antigen

Versatility: the immune system can differentiate among tens of thousands of antigens it may encounter during a normal lifetime

Memory: the immune response following the second exposure to a particular antigen is stronger and lasts longer than before

Tolerance: some antigens, such as those on your own cells, don't elicit an immune response

Front 80

How does the formation of an antigen antibody complex cause the elimination of an antigen?

Back 80

By neutralization, agglutination and precipitation, the activation of phagocytes, optimization, the stimulation of inflammation, or the prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion

Front 81

What effects follow the activation of the complement system?

Back 81

The destruction of target cell membranes, the stimulation of inflammation, the attraction of phagocytes. And the enhancement of phagocytosis