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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List Rotter's four variables of prediction
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1) Behavior Potential
2) Expectancy 3) Reinforcement Value 4) Psychological Situation |
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Briefly explain the following variable of prediction:
1) Behavior Potential |
1) The likelihood that a specific response will happen at a particular time and place in relation to the possibility of reinforcement.
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Briefly explain the following variable of prediction:
2) Expectancy |
2) Can be specific or general. It is defined at the level of confidence a person has that a certain kind of reinforcement will happen if a particular behaviour is displayed.
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Briefly explain the following variable of prediction:
3) Reinforcement Value |
3) Is characterized by how much preference a person puts on one type of reinforcement verses other kinds, if all reinforcement types were to occur at the same time.
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Briefly explain the following variable of prediction:
4) Psychological Situation |
4) Is defined as the segment of both the external and internal world that an individual will respond to. Behaviour is a function of the interaction of people with their meaningful environment.
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Discuss Rotter's basic prediction formula and its uses
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Explains that the possibility of certain behavior to happen in a specific scenario in relation to a certain kind of reinforcement is the function of an individuals own expectancy that this kind of behaviour will be followed by this kind of reinforcement in this particular situation.
The ___ states that “need potentia(NP) l is a function of freedom of movement (FM) and need value (NV)”. NP = f (FM + NV) |
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List of Rotter's categories of needs
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1. Recognition-status
2. Dominance 4. Protection-dependence 5. Love and affection 6. Physical comfort |
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Describe the example of Rotter's categories of needs:
1. Recognition-status |
1. need to perform, achieve and to have society recognize their worth.
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Describe the example of Rotter's categories of needs:
2. Dominance |
2. Need to control the behaviour of other people.To exude power of them or to be in charge.
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Describe the example of Rotter's categories of needs:
3. Independence |
Need to be free from other people’s power or domination.
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Describe the example of Rotter's categories of needs:
4. Protection-dependence |
4. Need to have other people look after us, care for us and to protect us.
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Describe the example of Rotter's categories of needs:
6. Physical comfort |
6. This encompasses behaviours that help us find food, obtain good health, and maintain physical security.
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Describe the example of Rotter's categories of needs:
5. Love and affection |
Need to be love, accepted by others. The need to be embraced warmly by others.
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Discuss Rotter's generalized expectancies and their measurement.
add formula. |
People strive to meet goals because they have generalized expectations that they will be successful in obtaining these goals. Generalized expectancies are learned through previous experiences with a particular response or similar responses and are based on the belief that certain behaviors will be followed by positive reinforcement.
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Explain the difference between internal and external control
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Attempts to measure the degree to which people perceive a causal relationship between their own efforts and environmental consequences.
High score - people believe their life is controlled by external forces, such as chance and destiny. Low score (aka high internal control score) - people believe that the source of control resides within themselves and that they exercise a high level of personal control in most situations. |
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List several misconceptions regarding internal and external control of reinforcement
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1) Scores on the scale are determinants of behavior. Should not be seen as causes of behavior but as indicators of general expectancies. Must be considered along with reinforcement value when predicting behaviour potential.
2) Locus of control is specific and can predict achievement in a specific area. 3) Scale divides people into two distinct categories: Internal or External. It is actually a contiuum. Can vary depending on situation. 4)High internal score signify socially desirable traits. Extreme scores in either direction are actually undesirable. High score External - apathy and despair. High score Internal - Accept responsibility for everything that happen to them... including thunder storms. |
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Discuss Mischel's conditional view of personal dispositions
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behavior is caused by people's perception of themselves in a particular situation.
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Critique Mischel's notion of the consistency paradox
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According to Mischel, the persistent belief that human behavior is more consistent than is indicated by experimental evidence
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Discuss Mischel and Shoda's cognitive-affective view of personality
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behavior is best predicted from a comprehensive understanding of the person, the situation, and the interaction between person and situation.
behavior is not the result of some global personality trait; instead, it arises from individual's perceptions of herself in a particular situation. However, inconsistencies in behavior are not due solely to the situation; inconsistent behaviors reflect stable patterns of variation within the person. These stable variations in behavior present themselves in the following framework: If A, then X; but if B, then Y. People's pattern of variability is the behavioral signature of their personality, or their stable pattern of behaving differently in various situations. According to this model, personality depends on situation variables, and consists of cognitive-affective units all those psychological, social, and physiological aspects of people that allow them to interact with their environment in a relatively stable manner). |
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List Mischel and Shoda's cognitive-affective units
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1. encoding strategies
2. competencies and self-regulatory strategies 3. expectancies and belief 4. subjective goals and values 5. affective responses |
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Discuss the following Mischel and Shoda's cognitive-affective unit:
1. encoding strategies |
1. Unique way of organizing information we receive from external stimuli.
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Discuss the following Mischel and Shoda's cognitive-affective unit:
2. competencies and self-regulatory strategies |
2. Responsible for maintaining and ensure the other traits are consistent. Used to control our own behaviour by implementing self-formulated goals and self-produced consequences.
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Discuss the following Mischel and Shoda's cognitive-affective unit:
3. expectancies and belief |
3. An individual’s guess about how others will perceive different behaviours and our guess on the consequences of displaying a particular behaviour in a certain situation.
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Discuss the following Mischel and Shoda's cognitive-affective unit:
4. subjective goals and values |
4. An individual’s objective or plans for attaining goals may be different than other people who are involved in the same experience. Most stable ___ due to the emotion-eliciting properties.
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Discuss the following Mischel and Shoda's cognitive-affective unit:
5. affective responses |
5. including emotions, feelings, and the affect that accompanies physiological reactions.
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Discuss research on Rotter's locus of control model.
STUDY: Locus control and Holocaust Heroes |
RESEARCHERS: Elizabeth Midlarsky and her colleagues.
HYPOTHESIS: Use personality variables to predict who was a Holocaust hero & who was a by stander during the tragic years of World War II. V: Personality V: Locus of control. Being oriented more to internal sense of control was predicted to relate to being a Holocaust hero. Autonomy (having sense of independence). Risk taking, Social responsibility, Authoritarianism. Empathy, Altruistic moral reasoning. PARTICIPANTS: Sample consisting of people consisting of 80 rescuers of Jews during WW2, 73 bystanders who lived in Europe during WW2 and did not assist Jews & a comparison sample of 43 people who were from Europe but immigrated to NA before th war. participants avg age 72. METHOD: Measured using self-report. Face to face interviews. RESULTS: internal sense of control was + correlated to all personality V measured. Personality correctly predicted who was a hero & who was not 93% of the time. their life on the line = higher ctrl. |
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Explain the difference between Rotter's concepts of:
A) behavior potential B) need potential |
A) is the possibility that a particular response will occur at a given time and place in relation to its likely reinforcement.
B) the possible occurrence of a set of functionally related behaviours directed toward satisfying the same or similar goals. Difference between the two is that B refers to a group of functionally related behavior, whereas A is the likelihood that a particular behaviour will occur in a given situation in relation to a specific reinforcement. |
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Discuss Rotter's one of the most famous scales for measuring generalized expectancies.
1) Internal and External Control of Reinforcement |
1) Locus of control
Internal Control Scale: 29 forced-choice items 23 scored. 6 filler to disguise purpose of scale. Scored in direction of external control 23 highest. 0 internal People select alternative A or B Attempts to measure the degree to which people perceive a causal relationship between their own efforts and environmental consequences. High score - people believe their life is controlled by external forces, such as chance and destiny. Low score (aka high internal control score) - people believe that the source of control resides within themselves and that they exercise a high level of personal control in most situations. |
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Discuss Rotter's one of the most famous scales for measuring generalized expectancies.
2) Interpersonal Trust Scale |
2) Measures: the degree in which a person expects the promise or word from another individual is true.
Does not refer to belief that all people are naturally good. OR gullibility Belief in the communications of other people. People learn to trust or mistrust the words of other people. Measures differences in interpersonal trust. Agree/disagree 25 questions 15 filler questions 5 point graduation scale strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree. High trust not desirable. High in trust people are less likely to lie. LEss likely to cheat.or steal. more likely to give someone a second chance. respect rights of other people.less likely to be unhappy, conflicted more likeable, popular. more trustworthy. neither more or less gulliable. possess more characters other people find socially desirable. |
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State Rotter's goal of therapy and name two ways of achieving this goal.
a) freedom of movement b) need value |
According to Rotter the ___ is create harmony between:
a) “one’s overall expectation of being reinforced for performing those behaviors that are directed toward satisfying some general need” b) “degree to which a person prefers one set of reinforcements to another” The therapist accomplishes this goal by working to modify the client’s goals and also to disqualify the client’s low expectancies for success. |
