Unit 1 Terms

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The Great Ice Age

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The prehistoric event that brought cold temperatures, lowered the world's sea levels, and the land bridge (Beringia) emerged connecting North America and northeast Asia- allowed for migrants to move into the Americas

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domesticated animals

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Animals that can be tamed and raised by humans- ex: dogs, cats, horses, goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, etc.- the Native Americans lacked them

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three-sister farming

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Agricultural technique used by Native Americans in North America using the symbiotic relationship between corn, beans, and squash

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monotheism vs. polytheism

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Belief in one god (ex: European Christians) and those who believe in many gods (ex: Native American animists)

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"Mourning Wars"

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Wars waged by Native Americans to take captives to take replenish their losses from wars/disease from the Europeans

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indigenous peoples

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A more proper term for native inhabitants

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Iroquois Confederation

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The most powerful group of the northeastern part of the United States- sophisticated political organization created by Hiawatha that included the Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Mohawks, and Tuscarora

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Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast

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Lived in Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi- the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole- will later be known for unsuccessfully resisting the Indian Removal Act and were involved in the Trail of Tears to Oklahoma

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Comanche

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Southern Plains tribe that terrorized Texas for decades- perhaps the most masterful horsemen the world has ever seen

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Sioux

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Northern Plains tribe that will later be known for defeating Custer at the Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)

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Pueblo

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Cliff-dwelling Native American tribes in the Southwest (New Mexico and Arizona)

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Hopewell Civilization

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Mound builders of the Mississippi River Valley- large city of Cahokia established near present-day East St. Louis

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Aztecs

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Dominant Native American civilization of Mexico that dominated for years before being conquered by the conquistadors lead by Hernan Cortes

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Incas

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Dominant Native American civilization of the Andes Mountains of South America, conquered by the conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro

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The Crusades

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European Christians trying to take the Holy Land from the Muslims- led to Europeans becoming familiar with goods from the Orient (silks and spices)

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caravel

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A better ocean-going ship with large triangular sails, more finding an oceanic route to the Orient more practical

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maritime

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Relating to the sea- ex: maritime technology was the caravel and improved navigation technology (ex: the astrolabe)

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Renaissance

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Period of European history in which Europe emerged from the Middle Age and became more curious about the world- centered primarily in the city-states of northern Italy

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The Norse

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Also known as the Vikings, established a colony in New Foundland in the 1100s (Vinland)- their discoveries were abandoned and forgotten

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Reconquista

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Expelling the Moors (Muslims) from Spain in the 1490s- occurred because Spain was unified with the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella

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Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

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The Pope divided the New World between Spain and Portugal with a "line of demarcation"- Portugal got east of that line (because of their desire for Africa) and Spain got west- the reason why Brazil is the only Latin American country speaking Portuguese

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Line of Demarcation

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The line established by the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal

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The 3 G's

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Gold, Glory, and God- the philosophy the conquistadors lived by

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The Pueblo Revolt

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Led by El Pope- Native American resistance against Spanish rule in the American Southwest

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encominendas

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The Spanish King granted a person a certain number of Indians to be slaves as long as they taught them Christianity- criticized by Bartholomeu de las Casas

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Columbian Exchange

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The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and technology between the New World (the Americas) and the Old World (Africa, Asia, and Europe) who had been previously isolated from one another for millennia- ex: European diseases wiping out Native Americas or American foods drastically improving Europeans' diets

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Peninsulares

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Top level of Spanish society in New Spain- whites who had been born in Spain

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Creoles

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Second level of Spanish society in New Spain- whites who had been born in the New World- the term is also used to describe the French in Louisiana

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mestizos

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Class in Spanish society in New Spain- mixed bloods of white and Native American blood- resulted from few Spanish women immigrating to New Spain

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mulattoes

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Class in Spanish society in New Spain- mixed bloods of white and African blood- the term will later be used in English colonies even though any amount of black blood classified them as black

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The Black Legend

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The myth put forth by the English that the Spanish were unusually cruel toward the Native Americans- undoubtedly the Spanish were cruel- but the English were equally cruel

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Northwest Passage

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The elusive waterway through the Americas that did not exist- the Europeans had been searching from Balboa's sighting of the Pacific in 1513 and the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1803- Henry Hudson among others searched

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Catholics vs. Protestants

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Both branches of Christianity- but did not view each other as real Christians since the Protestant Reformation- ex: the reason why Spain and England hate one another

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Sea Dogs

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Glorified English pirates that preyed on Spanish ships full of bullion returning from the New World- ex: Sir Francis Drake

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Spanish Armada

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In 1588 Phillip II of Spain wanted to invade and conquer England once and for all- the smaller, more maneuverable English fleet fought of the Spanish fleet, the remnants of the Spanish fleet were destroyed by a storm (the "Protestant Wind")- significant event because it marked the rise of England and the decline of Spain

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primogeniture

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Practice in England where only the eldest son inherited the land- the other children were out of luck- created a large class of landless poor in England

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enclosure movement

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In England there were common grazing areas, forests, etc. The rich people began closing them off and making them their own- this created more landless poor in England

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joint-stock company

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A business organization that financed colonization ventures (ex: Jamestown) by pooling investors' money and pay for these expensive adventures- ex: the Virginia Company

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"The Starving Time"

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Period after John Smith was banished from Jamestown where the colony suffered from high death rates because of starvation, poor work habits, problem with Indians, etc.

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tobacco

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The most valuable export from the Chesapeake- in 1612 John Rolfe discovered a better strain in Virginia than the ones grown in the West Indies- fairly labor intensive but wears out the soil

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Maryland Act of Toleration (1649)

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Precedent for the First Amendment's freedom of religion- granted religious toleration to all Christians- passed by Maryland Catholics because they were quickly becoming minorities in their own colony

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Coode's Rebellion (1689)

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Small rebellion in Maryland similar to Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia

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rice

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Very labor intensive crop grown in the coastal areas of South Carolina- requires dikes and levies to flood the fields- can only be grown in limited areas- Africans made an ideal labor source in South Carolina because they were accustomed to growing the crop in Africa

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indigo

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Crop that produces a bluish-purple dye- grown with rice in South Carolina

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squatters

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Term for migrants who move to frontier areas, settle on unclaimed land, and over time they win the rights to that land

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naval stores

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Term for a variety of products that can be extracted from pine trees: tar, resin, turpentine, etc.- the major economic activity of North Carolina

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Restoration Colonies

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Term for English colonies established in the 1660s (ex: New York and South Carolina) when the English Crown was being restored with Charles II in 1660

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sugar

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The most labor intensive crop of all- extremely valuable export of the West Indies- requires massive slave population

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predestination

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John Calvin's idea that God has determined who is save and who is going to hell before they are born- a central belief that shape the Puritans' worldview

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Pilgrims

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Separatists who were persecuted in England, fled to Holland, and then to Plymouth aboard the Mayflower- led by William Bradford

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Puritans

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Non-separatists who fled to Massachusetts Bay- led by John Winthrop- believed in predestination

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Separatists

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Dissidents who wanted to break away completely from the Church of England because it was so messed up like the Catholic Church- ex: the Pilgrims

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Non-separatists

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Dissidents who believed the Church of England could be reformed and thus did not want to break away completely- the Puritans

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The Mayflower

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Ship on which the Pilgrims came to Plymouth

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Mayflower Compact (1620)

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NOT a constitution but a simple agreement for self-government established by the Pilgrims, precedent established that the colonies would have a degree of self-government

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antinomianism

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Belief advocated by Anne Hutchinson that man need not follow the laws of man, but the laws of God- led Anne Hutchinson being banished to Rhode Island

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Salem Witch Trial (early 1690s)

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Hysteria of witchcraft that swept through Salem in the early 1690s- later written about in The Crucible by Arthur Miller

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Pequot War (1636)

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War between powerful New England tribe that was overwhelmed by white setters early in the growth of New England- massacre at Mystic River

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praying towns

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Puritan efforts to convert local Indians to Christianity

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New England Confederation

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An early step toward colonial unity- defense pact against Indians formed in 1643

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King Philip's War (1675-1676)

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Extremely bloody war between Indians who had unified under the leadership of Metacom and New England settlers- the crushing defeat of the Indians led to the end of Indian resistance in the region

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The Dominion of New England

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Plan for increased Crown control over New England, Sir Edmund Andros was made its head- ended with the Glorious Revolution in 1688- Andros was recalled

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Glorious Revolution (1688)

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Bloodless Revolution in England where James II was replaced with William and Mary from the Netherlands- led to the end of the Dominion of New England in the colonies

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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1636)

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The first written constitution in the colonies

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patroons

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Large Dutch feudal estates, often along the Hudson River, in New Netherland

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Leisler's Rebellion (1689-1691)

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Rebellion in New York against the large landowners

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Quakers

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Persecuted religious group who fled to Pennsylvania- the 1st abolitionists, pacifists, believed in more gender equality than any other group in colonial America- believed there was an "Inner Light" in all of us

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pacifists

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Those who believed in avoiding war at all costs- philosophy espoused by the Quakers

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Scots-Irish

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Ethnic group who fled to Pennsylvania- Protestants from Scotland and northern Ireland- tended to push to the frontier areas- distrustful of government and authority

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Germans

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The largest European non-English group in the colonies- especially prevalent in Pennsylvania- mistakenly called the "Pennsylvania Dutch"

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"The Seasoning"

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Period of time immigrants to the Chesapeake where they had to adjust to the climate, work, and diseases- many settlers did not survive in the beginning

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First Families of Virginia (FFVs)

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The wealthiest and most powerful families in Virginia- ex: the Lee and Custis families

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indentured servants

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Laborers brought to the New World, especially the Chesapeake- typically landless poor who could not pay for their voyage- would typically work for the landowner for seven years- the term of service could be lengthened for breaking myriad of laws

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headright system

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Program to encourage landowners in the Chesapeake to populate the colony by transporting indentured servants by granting them 50 acres for each indentured servant brought over- this widened the gap between rich and poor in the Chesapeake

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Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

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Discontented freed indentured servants on the Virginia frontier did not believe the colonial govt. was not protecting them and they rose up in rebellion and burned Jamestown to the ground- fizzled out when Nathaniel Bacon died- pivotal benefit because it convinced landowners to have a more controllable labor force: African slaves- shift from indentured servants to African slaves in the Chesapeake

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The Middle Passage

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Voyage of some 11 million African slaves to the New World- >80% went to the West Indies and Brazil- hellish, gruesome conditions- chronicled by Olaudah Equiano

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Barbados Slave Codes (Black Codes)

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Series of laws and regulations that regulated slavery in the West Indies- brought to 13 colonies (especially South Carolina) in a modified form

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Gullah

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Pidgin language of mostly West African languages in the sea islands of South Carolina and Georgia- demonstrates the high percentage of African slaves in the rice producing areas

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Stono Rebellion (1739)

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1st major slave rebellion in the 13 colonies- slaves in South Carolina rose up and tried to fight their way to the safety of Spanish Florida- were defeated after a pitched battle with local militia

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passive resistance

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Most common form of resistance by slaves because full-fledged rebellion was destined to fail- breaking tools, slowing the work pace, playing the Sambo stereotype, and occasionally committing arson and murder

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Half-Way Covenant

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Way to offer partial church membership to the Puritans in the 1660s- in response to declining piety in New England among the second generation

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demographics

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Characteristics of a human population: age, race, socioeconomic status, gender, etc. etc.

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Triangular Trade

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System of trade networks between New England, the West Indies, and Old World (ex: sugar from the West Indies was converted to molasses in New England)

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established churches

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Tax-supported churches- only two in the 13 colonies: the Anglican Church and the Congregational Church (Puritan)

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Anglican Church

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The Church of England- one of the two tax-supported churches in the New World, strongest in the Southern colonies- especially Virginia

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Congregational Church

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The church that was basically the Puritans' church- one of the two tax-supported churches in the New World

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New Lights vs. Old Lights

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Two contrasting types of ministers- Old Lights had lost their touch with the people, the New Lights (ex: George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards) were more emotional and led the Great Awakening

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The Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)

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Series of religious revivals sweeping the 13 colonies- first social movement that effected all 13 colonies- unifying effect and led to a decrease of deference- included New Light ministers like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards

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Harvard

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First college established in the 13 colonies (1636)- founded to train home grown ministers

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taverns

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Often the focal point of the social activity in the colonies- place for drink, news and gossip, and to gather

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The Paxton Boys

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Scots-Irish backcountry people in Pennsylvania who resented the government back east and they attacked local Indians

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Regulator Movement (1760s)

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Rebellion of backcountry people in the Carolinas against eastern elites