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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
properties of water
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excellent solvent,high heat capacity, moderating influence, evaporating cooling,ice floats, strong cohesion,surface tension,strong adhesion
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carbohydrates
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function:energy storage, structure ,groups: sugars, starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
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proteins
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function: structure, transport, defense, structure: amino acids, peptide bonds, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° enzymes
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lipids
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function: energy storage, structure, hormones groups: triglycerides (fats, saturated, unsaturated), phospholipids, steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones)
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nucleic acids
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function: informatstructure: nucleotides, A,T,C,G,U ion storage, groups: DNA, RNA
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enzyme structure
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globular (4°) proteins, RNA
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metabolic catalysts
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lowers activation energy
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catabolism
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digestion, breakdown, hydrolysis
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anabolism
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synthesis, dehydration synthesis
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lock & key model, induced fit model
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enzyme-substrate complex, product(s)
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“-ase
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substrate specific, unchanged during reaction
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effect function
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pH, temperature, salts, [substrate], [enzyme]
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Coenzymes
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A nonproteinaceous organic substance that usually contains a vitamin or mineral and combines with a specific protein, the apoenzyme, to form an active enzyme system.
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cofactors
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A substance, such as a metallic ion or coenzyme, that must be associated with an enzyme for the enzyme to function
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activators
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a catalyst
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allosteric
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pertaining to regulation of the rate of an enzymatic process
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cooperativity
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the increase or decrease in the rate of interaction between a reactant and a protein as the reactant concentration increases.
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inhibitors
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One that inhibits, as a substance that retards or stops a chemical reaction.
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competitive,
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Relating to the inhibition of enzyme activity that results from the reversible combination of an enzyme with an alternate compound and prevents normal substrate binding
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noncompetitive
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involving or acting in inhibition of an enzyme by affecting its intrinsic catalytic activity rather than by competition with the substrate for the active site
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negative feedback
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a self-regulatory biological system, as in the synthesis of some hormones, in which the output or response affects the input, either positively or negatively
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cell wall
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the definite boundary or wall that is part of the outer structure of certain cells, as a plant cell.
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chloroplasts
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plant cell inclusion bodies that contain chlorophyll
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central vacuole
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a membrane-bound cavity within a cell, often containing a watery liquid or secretion.
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lysosomes
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A membrane-bound organelle in the cytoplasm of most cells containing various hydrolytic enzymes that function in intracellular digestion.
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centrioles
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One of two cylindrical cellular structures that are composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis
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prokaryotes (bacteria
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naked circular DNA, ribosomes, no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, sometimes cell wall (peptidoglycans)
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eukaryotes
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nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
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phospholipid bilayer
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a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward.
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hydrophilic heads
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having a strong affinity for water
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hydrophobic tails
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having little or no affinity for water
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fluid mosaic model
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a conceptual model of cell membrane and its boundary as a tightly packed double layer of phospholipid molecules interspersed with protein molecules which aid cross-membrane transport
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channel
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a transient opening made by a protein embedded in a cell membrane, permitting passage of specific ions or molecules into or out of the cell
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Nucleus
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a specialized, usually spherical mass of protoplasm encased in a double membrane, and found in most living eukaryotic cells, directing their growth, metabolism, and reproduction, and functioning in the transmission of genic characters.
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ribosomes
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specialized ribosomal RNA and
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endoplasmic reticulum
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a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, occurring either with a smooth surface (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) or studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum), involved in the transport of materials.
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vesicles
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A small bladderlike cell or cavity.
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mitochondria
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cells power source
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flagella
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threadlike appedage, movement
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cytoskeleton
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microtublues, intermediate filaments,microfilaments
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desmosomes
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type of junction that attaches a cell toits neighbor
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plasmodesmata
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a strand of cytoplasm that passes throught the cell wall and conncects protoplasts
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selectivly permiable membrane
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only allowa specific things in and out
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diffusion
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spotaneous movement of molecules or other particles in a solution
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osmosis
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tenedacy of wanter to flow through a semi permiable membrane
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facilitated diffusion
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in cell biology, a process by which substances are transported across cell membranes by means of protein carrier molecules; also called facilitated transport
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active transport
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the movement of ions or molecules across a cellular membrane from a lower to a higher concentration, requiring the consumption of energy.
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hypertonic
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noting a solution of higher osmotic pressure than another solution with which it is compared
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hypotonic
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noting a solution of lower osmotic pressure than another solution with which it is compared
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isotonic
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noting or pertaining to solutions characterized by equal osmotic pressure
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plasmolysis
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contraction of the protoplasm in a living cell when water is removed by exosmosis.
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exocytosis
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A process of cellular secretion or excretion in which substances contained in vesicles are discharged from the cell by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the outer cell membrane.
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endocytosis
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A process of cellular ingestion by which the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell.
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phagocytosis
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The engulfing and ingestion of bacteria or other foreign bodies by phagocytes.
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pinocytosis
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Introduction of fluids into a cell by invagination of the cell membrane, followed by formation of vesicles within the cells.
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glycolysis
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the catabolism of carbohydrates, as glucose and glycogen, by enzymes, with the release of energy and the production of lactic or pyruvic acid.
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cytosol
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The fluid component of cytoplasm, excluding organelles and the insoluble, usually suspended, cytoplasmic components.
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glucose
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Also called starch syrup. a syrup containing dextrose, maltose, and dextrine, obtained by the incomplete hydrolysis of starch
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Kreb’s (Citric Acid) Cycle
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pyruvate . acetyl CoA . Kreb’s cycle yield: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, CO2 (exhale)
function: produce electron acceptors for the ETC matrix of mitochondria |
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anaerobic respiration:
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no O2, lactic acid (animals), alcoholic fermentation (bacteria, yeast, plants
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Photosynthesis
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light + 6 H2O + 6 CO2 . C6H12O6 + 6 O2
chemiosmosis, autotrophs, chloroplasts ATP & sugar production |
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stroma
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the supporting framework or matrix of a cell
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photorespiration
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Oxidation of carbohydrates in plants with the release of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
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asexual reproduction
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reproduction, as budding, fission, or spore formation, not involving the union of gametes.
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Chromosomes
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A threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information
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chromatids
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Either of the two daughter strands of a replicated chromosome that are joined by a single centromere and separate during cell division to become individual chromosomes.
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centromere
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a specialized structure on the chromosome, appearing during cell division as the constricted central region where the two chromatids are held together and form an X shape.
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interphase
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the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions. Also called interkinesis
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prophase
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the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes
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metaphase
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the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle.
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anaphase
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the stage in mitosis or meiosis following metaphase in which the daughter chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell.
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telophase
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the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes.
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cytokinesis
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the division of the cell cytoplasm that usually follows mitotic or meiotic division of the nucleus.
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cell division
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triggered by growth (surface to volume ratio), density dependent inhibitio
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