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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Political Violence
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The use of physical violence or threats to achieve political goals.
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What are two criteria for a taxonomy (classifying) of political violence?
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By the source of the violence or the target of the violence
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Order maintenance
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A state's use of non-violent methods used to ensure social order
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Establishment violence
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When the state uses violence and oppressive laws indiscriminately against opponents of the govt and individuals. More people are killed by establishment violence by their own government than by world wars.
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What is the distinction between "order maintenance" violence and "establishment" violence?
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Order is maintained in the political, social and personal domain without violence. Establishment violence is when the state relies excessively on the use of force and oppressive laws.
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Terrorism
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Premeditated, politically motivated violence against a noncombatant target.
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What five rationales guide most terrorist acts? (why are these acts perpetrated?)
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1. to punish a state (their own or another) for perceived wrongs
2. to attack or retaliate against a specific group 3. to gain publicity 4. to secure financial resources or demand the release of imprisoned members 5. to promote a revolution |
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What are three changes undergoing terrorism in the early 21st century?
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1. terrorists can easily move weapons and people around the world so can inflict even more damage
2. many terrorists are operating in loosely connected small cells (3 - 10 people) that difficult to find 3. less worried about the scale of death and destruction they inflict |
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What is nation-based violence?
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Violence between two groups in one nation.
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Genocide
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The killing of a large group of people based on their nation or ethnicity
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Class conflict
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The tension that always exists between members of different classes.
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What is the distinction between a riot and a rebellion?
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A riot is spontaneous violence often triggered by a specific incident like a police shooting.
A rebellion is more frequent, premeditated widespread violence involving people who have lost faith in the political system. |
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Separatist violence
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Violence intended to help a group achieve political autonomy.
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Civil war
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A war between two groups in the same country.
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Coup
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When a leader(s) is replaced using violence or threats of violence.
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Revolution
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To overthrow the government and replace it with one that is fundamentally different.
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What are four broad strategies that can be used to achieve a revolution?
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1. Terrorism
2. Revolution from above (some political elite and military are supportive. Generally occurs in urban areas) 3. Guerrilla war (long violent campaign from rural areas) 4. Democratic revolution (the people use non-violent political action to overthrow a govt) |
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Guerrilla war
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A long, protracted campaign of political violence against the state from rural bases. Forces fight in a hit-and-run style and then disappear into the countryside. They win the support of the rural people through intimidate and promises of reform. Eventually they gain control of the countryside and march into the collapsing capital city.
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Democratic revolution
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Legal, usually non-violent political action used to achieve a fundamental transformation of the political system. (for instance they may use the electoral system to select a new leadership. eg: the rise of Hitler and the establishment of the Third Reich)
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What are two explanations of revolution?
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1. Substantial inequality exists
2. The "theory of rising expectations." There is disparity between what people expect and actually receive. |
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J-curve theory
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When conditions change and people with high expectations are suddenly expected to accept less. (eg: the public expects continued tax breaks and revolts when they are suddenly discontinued).
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War
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Lengthy, organized violence between states that usually involves the military.
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List 5 to 7 state characteristics that correlate with the likelihood of war?
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More likely to occur in countries that:
1. Are newer nations 2. With citizens who have been socialized to accept govt actions on national security 3. Poor countries that are becoming richer 4. Countries in desirable locations and/or with important resources 5. Countries that are not well linked to the global economy 6. Countries with strong and often growing military power 7. Countries whose people are deeply committed to the country and its culture |
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Democratic peace
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As democracy spreads globally so does peace because democratic countries rarely fight each other.
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What are three broad alternative explanations for the causes of war?
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1. Struggle for control of resources such as energy, food, minerals etc.
2. Govt is too weak to prevent it 3. Human Nature. Humans are innately aggressive. |
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What are two criteria for a taxonomy of countries in the contemporary world? (two ways to categorize)
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Economic Development: the GDP and GNI
Social Development: literacy, longevity, technological capabilities (cell phones/internet) and % of populations living in cities |
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Global North
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Developed countries with high GDPs and ranked highly on on social dimension of development. Also called First Nations.
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Global South
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Developing countries that are less advanced and economically disadvantaged.
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Third World
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Cold war term used to refer to any country not aligned with the US or USSR during WWIi
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Transitional developed countries
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Countries that are in the middle range on one or more dimensions of development. (transitioning from developing to developed country)
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Post modern developed countries
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States like Poland and Russia that are high on most dimensions of social development and have moderately high levels of economic development.
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Newly industrializing countries
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Countries (like Korea) with an export-centered economy is growing rapidly
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Social Market Systems
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Countries like Belgium where the state encourages a
free market economy but is also committed to social welfare and economic regulation. |
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Market economies
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Economies where the govt plays a limited role but leaves most economic activity to the rehealm of the private sector (eg: US and Canada)
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Privitization
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The selling of state-owned firms and contracts to private companies.
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Rebellion
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Frequent, premeditated widespread violence that occurs when people have lost faith in the political system.
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Democratization
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Doing all the things that make a country a democracy like bringing in free elections and guaranteeing civil rights.
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Import Substitution
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When a country produces more goods locally so they can reduce the number of goods it imports.
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Statism
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Extensive state control of the political economy.
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Export Promotion
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When a country encourages the production and exportation of profitable goods and services
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What are the four main types of political violence?
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1. Individual vs individual
2. Group vs individual 3. Group vs group 4. Individual or group vs the state |
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Political polarization
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When politics becomes a battleground between large, mobilized groups with deeply help and conflicting beliefs
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Three or four? criteria used to develop the Human development score
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- life expectancy at birth
- adult literacy & school enrolment - GDP per capita (level of poverty) |
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What are four key challenges to prosperity in the Global North?
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1. increasing competition from developing countries with lower production costs
2. continuing to work together when weaker members can drain resources from stronger ones 3. ongoing economic crisis caused by extensive public spending and low economic growth 4. erratic economic growth and periods of recession |
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Hegemonic Elite
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The extraordinarily powerful elite group of people who tend to dominate over time. (theorists say most developed countries are controlled this way)
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Cold War
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The international struggle between the US and the Soviet Union.
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What were two key external strategies the US used during the Cold War?
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1. Used extensive military control to keep the Soviets from using their military outside the Soviet Union and its European satellites.
2. Supported non-communist countries and used its considerable military, economic and political power to influence developing countries |
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What are four main security challenges for the Global North?
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1. Disorder in the rest of the world. They must weight the pros and cons of helping stabilize a distant country
2. Global Terrorism. Developed countries have never been more vulnerable to terrorist attacks 3. The sheer number of weapons in the world today including chemical and biological ones 4. Competition for Markets and Resources especially from newly industrializing and developing countries |
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First World
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Includes countries with the highest levels of GDP and also ranked highly on social dimension of development. Also called developed countries or the Global North
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What are four key challenges to stability in the Global North?
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1. Value conflicts and disputes (state reg of individual behaviours, divisive issues like abortion and gay rights)
2. Conflicts related to multiculturalism & Immigration 3. Political Polarization where groups disagree over deeply held values 4. Domination & Control by the hegemonic elite (the network of powerful people at the top) |
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What are five main regional classifications of the countries of the Global South?
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1. East Asia & the Pacific
2. South Asia & Central Asia 3. North Africa & Middle East 4. Sub-Saharan Africa 5. Latin America |
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Five main obstacles to developing in the Global South?
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- Overpopulation
- Corruption and Inefficiency - Geopolitical Vulnerability: the economic health of some countries is tied to just a few commodities. Also countries have desirable resources others may want and fight for. - Internal Disorder: (civil war, terrorism etc) - Neocolonialism: even sovereign countries can be subordinated by other countries and global institutions. |
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Neocolonialism
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When powerful external actors (like dominant countries) indirectly control the resources, economy, and political system of a developing country.
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Statism
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State owns major industries and natural resources, controls production decisions, regulates prices and wages etc.
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Neoliberalism
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State plays a limited role in the economy, supports free trade, but tries to hold to regulate taxes in support of private entrepreneurs.
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What are five key strategic areas in which developing countries must make choices to achieve prosperity?
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1. Statism vs. neocolonialism: must decide to foster economic growth through state control or through a more market approach.
2. Producing for Domestic Consumption or Export: Ideally a developing country will export goods with greater value than the goods it imports to void borrowing and debt. 3. The Role of Agriculture: State control vs. market based production and decisions about things like subsides and green technologies. 4. Deciding the most profitable way to produce and market a balanced mix of manufactured goods, services and commodities. 5. Foreign Capital: Most developing countries suffer from the absence of capital and must consider various options like foreign aid, foreign direct investment, loans, and microcredit. |
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Import Substitution
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A country produces more local goods and decreases importation, helping farmers with subsidies
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Export Promotion
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Firms are encouraged to produce goods and services that can be exported and sold at a profit in the global economy. (used successfully by China and India)
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Green Revolution
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New farming technologies including hybrid grains, chemical fertilizers and pesticides that can increase average yields.
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Foreign Aid
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Global North countries like the US provide aid to struggling countries in the form of shared technology, grants, loans and debt forgiveness. Most aid is offered with strings attached that serves the self interest of the lender (GN countries)
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
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MNCs and financial institutions invest in firms in a developing country or set up their own firm in the country.
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Microcredit
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Tiny loans to poor individuals (mostly women) in GS countries that allows them to launch a business ventures.
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Give five reasons for the frequent interstate violence between adjacent developing countries?
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1. Geographic boundaries do not correspond to historical boundaries established nations before borders were realigned to create new nations.
2. Differences in cultures especially in nationality, political ideology and religious beliefs 3. States coveting and trying to control the valuable resources of a neighbouring state 4. States with internal problems may use neighbouring states as scapegoats and direct violence at them 5. A state may encourage conflict between two other states in an attempt to serve their own national interests. |
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Conservative authoritarianism
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Regimes that attempt to preserve the traditional socioeconomic order and culture but have little interest in resource equality or democratic participation.
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Modernizing authoritarianism
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A regime dominated by an elite group that wants to preserve culture and tradition but whose elite accepts that some development is inevitable and perhaps even desirable.
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Revolutionary socialism
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A regime with a strong commitment to economic and social equality and the use of political power to achieve this goal. Leadership believes that a small, unconstrained political elite is essential to reducing society's massive inequalities.
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Constitutional democracy
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An political system where people have considerable political rights and civil liberties.
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Authoritarian regime
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A political system with little or no commitment to equality or democracy but that emphasizes order and stability..
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HDI (Human Development Index)
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A measurement the UN uses to rate the quality of life citizens in a country enjoy.
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Low Intensity Conflict
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Sporadic but prolonged conflict that is intended to inflict maximum harm without casualties.
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Post Industrial Societies
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Another name for a developing country
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What are five forms in which the limited (non war) use of force takes place between states?
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1. Blockades
(the military of one state seals off territory of another). 2. State-sponsored terrorism (state provides money or material support to groups committing violence against rival states) 3. Brief, single-use of force such as a bombing 4. A clash a brief engagement between the armed forces of two states. 5. A low-intensity conflict Sporadic but prolonged conflict that is intended to inflict maximum harm without casualties. |
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What are five features of the contemporary global system that make many analysts optimistic that war is declining? I ONLY FOUND THREE
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1. democracy has spread to many countries and established democracies rarely fight each other.
2. globalization has substantially increased each country's economic interdependence 3. transnational organizations like the UN have become more significant and powerful |
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What are three reasons why the military often emerges to restore order under conditions of political decay?
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- the only institution with the capacity to act
-they have the capacity to subdue people using violence - order is a key norm in the military |
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What are two strategies for increased prosperity, security and stability in the countries of the Global South?
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Resource equality: producing an equal distribution of key economic and social values
Democratic participation |
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Doctrine of self-defence
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The idea that a victim of an unprovoked attack has the right to use violence to protect himself.
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Defence of Universal principles
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The view that a person has a moral duty to use force to resist active wickedness and not to do so would be the same as promoting it. (it is basically the right thing to do)
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What is the growth vs. welfare problem?
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x
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