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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
oligodendrocyte
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produces myelin sheath to electrically insulate CNS neurons
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microglia
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capable of movement & phagocytosis of pathogens & damaged tissue
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astrocyte
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contributes to blood-brain barrier
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ependyma
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line ventricles of brain
many of cells are ciliated involved in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid |
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sensory (afferent) neuron
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transmits impulses from receptors to CNS
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motor (efferent) neuron
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transmits impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles & glands)
"A before E: You have to feel or sense (afferent) a stimulus before you an take action (efferent)" |
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nerve impulse
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AKA action potential
electrical change caused by movement of ions across neuron cell membrane |
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reflex arc
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pathway nerve impulses travel when a reflex is elicited
1) RECEPTORS detect stimulus & generate impulse 2) SENSORY NEURONS transmit impulses from receptors -> CNS 3) THE CNS contains one+ synapses & interneurons (may be part of pathway) 4) MOTOR NEURONS transmit impulses from CNS -> effector 5) EFFECTOR performs action |
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The parts of the brain include . . . (seven listed)
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1) medulla: vital function regulation - cough/sneeze/swallow/vomit reflex ctrs
2) pons: respiratory ctrs 3) midbrain: reflex ctr - balance 4) cerebellum: coordination - muscle tone - posture/balance 5) hypothalamus: produce several hormones - regulate food intake - stimulate visceral responses when emotional 6) thalamus: sensory pathways (except olfactory) 7) cerebrum: impulses for voluntary movement - sensations interpretation - hearing/smell/taste - learning - memory |
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There are _____ pair of cranial nerves.
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12
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The _____ nervous system is dominant in stressful situations.
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sympathetic
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The two neurotransmitters of the sympathetic division are . . .
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1) acetylcholine
2) norepinephrine |
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The _____ nervous system dominates during relaxed, nonstressful situations to promote normal functioning of several organ systems.
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parasympathetic
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The neurotransmitter for all parasympathetic synapses is _____?
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acetylcholine
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The twelve cranial nerves are . . .
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I Olfactory
II Optic III Oculomotor IV Trochlear V Trigeminal VI Abducens VII Facial VIII Vestibulocochlear IX Glossopharyngeal X Vagus XI Accessory XII Hypoglossal |
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A basic neurological assessment includes what five steps?
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1) Assess LOC & orientation
2) Get VS 3) Check pupillary response to light 4) Assess strength/equality of hand grip & movement of extremities 5) Determine ability to sense touch/pain in extremities |
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expressive aphasia
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pt knows what they want to say but unable to say it coherently
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decerebrate posturing
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abnormal extension posturing
feet plantar flexed - wrists/fingers flexed - forearms pronated - elbows extended - arms adducted |
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anisocoria
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unequal pupil dilation
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nystagmus
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involuntary movement of eyes
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Mnemonic for remebering cranial nerves:
O h O nce O ne T akes T he A natomy F inal A G ood V acation S eems H eavenly |
O lfactory
O ptic O culomotor T rochlear T rigeminal A bducens F acial A coustic G lossopharyngeal V agal S pinal accessory H ypoglossal |
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Babinski's reflex
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neurological test
sole of foot stroked - flexion of great toe expected in anyone over age 6 months if great toe extends & other toes fan out, neurological dysfunction suspected if pt >6 months |
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lumbar puncture
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cerebrospinal fluid obtained & evaluated for . . .
~ elevated glucose or protein ~ bacteria or WBC presence ~ immunoglobulin levels ~ culture & sensitivity |
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electroencephalogram (EEG)
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noninvasive test done to evaluate electrical activity of brain
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contractures
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permanent muscle contractions w/fibrosis of connective tissue that occur from lack of muscle use
cause permanent deformities & prevent normal function |
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dysarthria
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difficulty speaking
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electroencephalogram (EEG)
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noninvasive test done to evaluate electrical activity of brain
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contractures
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permanent muscle contractions w/fibrosis of connective tissue that occur from lack of muscle use
cause permanent deformities & prevent normal function |
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dysarthria
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difficulty speaking
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Which of the following are neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to effectors?
a. Mixed b. Motor c. Afferent d. Sensory |
b. Motor
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Which of the following is a symptom of increasing intracranial pressure?
a. Constricted pupils b. Decreasing LOC c. Narrowing pulse pressure d. Bradypnea |
b. Decreasing LOC
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Which of the following actions by the nurse is the best way to determine if a patient with expressive aphasia is oriented?
a. Ask yes-or-no questions. b. Ask the patient to name the family member in the room. c. Ask the patient who the current president is. d. Have the patient count backward from 10. |
a. Ask yes-or-no questions.
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Asking the patient to stick out his or her tongue evaluates the function of which cranial nerve?
a. IV-trochlear b. V-trigeminal c. IX-glossopharyngeal d. XII-hypoglossal |
d. XII-hypoglossal
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Which of the following nursing interventions can prevent footdrop?
a. Positioning the patient in the left lateral position b. Providing daily foot massage c. Using high-top tennis shoes d. Maintaining an upright position as much as possible |
c. Using high-top tennis shoes
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Which of the following activities should be encouraged when a patient returns from a CT scan using a contrast medium?
a. Ambulation b. Drinking fluids c. Turning side to side d. Coughing and deep breathing |
b. Drinking fluids
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When observing a patient's gait, the nurse is checking the integrity of what?
a. Cerebellum b. Brainstem c. Diencephalon d. Cerebrum |
a. Cerebellum
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Which of the following areas of the brain controls speech?
a. Left occipital lobe b. Broca's area c. Midbrain d. Brainstem |
b. Broca's area
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