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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What disorder/disease has: Reflux through the gastro-esophageal sphincter allows gastric acid into the lower esophagus= Heartburn
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Barrett’s Esophagus
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In Barrett's Esphagus the epithelia undergoes _________ w/ time
-->Becomes a ________ mucous secreting form (a more protective epithelium) |
In Barrett's Esphagus the epithelia undergoes METAPLASIA w/ time
-->Becomes a COLUMNAR mucous secreting form (a more protective epithelium) |
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The disease of the metaplastic columnar epithelium of the lower esophagus
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Barrett's Esphogus
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In Barrett's esphogus the metaplastic columnar epithelium of the lower esophagus....has a high risk of producing???
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dysplasia and invasive adenocarcinoma
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Caused by an immunologic response to gluten (-gluten is a component of wheat, oats, barley, rye…)
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Coeliac Disease
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Coeliac Disease Symptoms:
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Malabsorption
(1.weight loss, 2.Diarrhea, 3.Steatorrhea, 4.Anemia, 5.Vitamin deficiencies) |
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Coeliac Disease
-Blood Tests Show: |
Anti-endomysial antibodies
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Coeliac Disease
-Biopsies Show: |
1.Loss of normal intestinal villi
2.Increase in lymphocytes/ plasma cells in the lamina propia 2 (b).Also increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes the condition is partly due to cell mediate immune response |
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Coeliac Disease Diagnosis must be confirmed by:
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Resolution of symptoms/ histological changes after a gluten-free diet
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In Coeliac Disease an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes shows that the condition is partly due to:
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^Intraepithelia lymp the condition is partly due to cell mediate immune
response |
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Carcinoma of the Colon and Rectum:
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-Adenocarcinoma
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Carcinoma of the Colon and Rectum:
-Adenocarcinoma- Are |
Malignant tumors from the glandular epithelium
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Adenocarcinomas of the colon/rectum are common in: _________, But rare in the ______
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Adenocarcinomas of the colon/rectum are common in: OLDER PPL IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Rare in: SMALL INTESTINE |
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Carcinoma- Colon & Rectum: Adenocarcinoma
-->Predisposing factors: |
1.Prior existence of benign tumors (adenomas) in the bowel
2.Prior existence of ulcerative colitis 3.Inherited syndromes: familial adenomatous polyposis/ Gardner’s syndrome 4.Dietary factors (low fiber diet) |
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Developing adenocarcinomas involves a # of genetic abnormalities:
-Adenoma-carcinoma: epithelial chances from normal to adenoma w/ increasing degrees of _________ to ______ ________. |
-Adenoma-carcinoma: epithelial chances from normal to adenoma w/ increasing degrees of DYSPLASIA to INVASIVE CARCINOMA.
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In Adenocarcinoma malignant cells form:
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disorganized abnormal glands that invade adjacent tissues
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In Adenocarcinoma malignant cells form disorganized abnormal glands that invade adjacent tissues
-->Staging the tumor (i.e. predicting the behavior) is due to? |
Due To: DEPTH of INVASION & SPREAD to MESENTERIC LYMPH NODE
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In Adenocarcinoma the further the tumor spreads=
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-Further the tumor spreads= worse the outcome
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In the adenocarcinoma figure, malignant glands invaded the muscularispropia- What is seen?
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-small bundles of smooth muscle and necrosis
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Repeated liver cell destruction causes liver to replace dead liver cells by cell division= regeneration and depositing collagen tissue= scarring... This is known as?
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Hepatic Cirrhosis:
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In Hepatic Cirrhosis -Repeated liver cell destruction causes liver to replace dead liver cells by:
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Cell division= regeneration and depositing collagen tissue= scarring
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What is the combination of nodules of regenerated liver cells separated by bands of scar tissue
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Cirrhosis-
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-In Hepatic Cirrhosis regenerated liver cells have: ______ function ( )
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REDUCED Function (i.e. lower synthesis of albumin/secretion of bile…)
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-In Hepatic Cirrhosis scarring/ interruption of sinusoidal system causes: ______ ______ which means what?
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Portal Hypertension= blood can’t drain from liver via portal vein
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Hepatic Cirrhosis Causes:
Which one is very rare? |
1.Chronic Ethanol Abuse
2.Chronic Hepatitis- from hepatitis virus B and C 3.Autoimmune Diseases 4.Excessive Storage of Iron & Copper due to Genetic Metabolic Diseases= Rare |
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Extramedullary Hematopoiesis can be re-established if:
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Normal Marrow is inadequate demand for fetal function
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Hematopoiesis can be re-established in adults if:
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iLver doesn’t normally have hemopoietic tissue
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Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Causes:
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1.Fibrosis of the Bone Marrow
2.Replacement of Bone Marrow by Malignancy 3.Genetic Disorders of Hemoglobin Formation= Hemoglobinopathy |
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Extramedullary Hemopoiesis can occur in:_____ & _____ both can become ________ _______
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Extramedullary Hemopoiesis can occur in: LIVER & SPLEEN BOTH can become ABNORMALLY ENLARGED
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What is the formation of stones w/I the biliary system?
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Cholelithiasis-
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In Cholelithiasis abnormal concentration/precipitation of bile can form STONES= Caliculi w/in ____ ____ or ____ _____ _______
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In Cholelithiasis abnormal concentration/precipitation of bile can form STONES= Calculi w/in GALL BLADDER or EXTTRAHEPATIC BILARY SYSTEM
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In Cholelithiasis stones can become _____ in ____ & lead to blockage
-Complete Blockage of the common bile duct= _________ -This would cause: _________ |
In Cholelithiasis stones can become IMPACTED in DUCT & lead to BLOCKAGE
-Complete Blockage of the Common Bile Duct= FAILURE TO SECRETE BILE -This would cause: JAUNDICE |
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Gall bladders affected by stones become inflamed ____ called ______
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PAIN
CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS |
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The life threating condition- Damage to pancreatic acinar cells release pancreatic enzymes into local tissue
These enzymes cause death of tissue & severe inflammation= |
Acute Pancreatitis
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In Acute Pancreatitis the release of pancreatic lipases cause death of local fat cells called=
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= Fat necrosis
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In Acute Pancreatitis pancreatic amylase can be detected at??
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High levels in blood
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