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23 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Metabolism
All chemical processes taking place within a cell
Anabolism
- Energy requiring
- Producing cell Components
- biosynthesis
- making new structures
Catabolism
- energy yielding
- produces waste products
- breaking things down
Carbon
- Heterotroph: carbon from organic carbon sources
- autotroph: carbon from CO2, energy from light or inorganic molecules
Calcium
- not usually an essential nutrient
- stabalizes cell wall
- heat stability of endospores
Oxygen
- provided in large amounts in water
- molecular oxygen (O2) sometimes required
- energetic needs, terminal electron scepter
- obligate aerobes
- obligate anaerobes
-facultative anaerobes
Iron
- major role in cellular respiration
- most inorganic iron compounds highly insoluble
- siderphores (scavenge environment to get iron into cell)
Prototroph
- derives all carbon requirements from the prnciple carbon source
- dont need to add anything
- high biosynthetic capacity
Auxotroph
- Requires one or more organic nutrients in addition to the principle source
- need to add something to that medium to make it grow
- low biosynthetic capacity
Energetics
- the ability to do work
- chemical energy
- change in free energy
- negative: exergonic (energy released)
- positive: endergonic (energy required)
Catalysts
- lowers activation energy
- increases the rate of reaction
- is unchanged
- enzymes: biological catalysts
Oxidation- Reduction (Redox)
- oxidation: removal of electrons
- reduction: addition of electrons
- transfer of H atoms
- redox reactions: e- donor/ e- acceptor
- electron donor is energy source
- reduction potential (measure agaisnts H2)
Electron Carriers
- two classes
- freely diffusible
- catabolism (NAD+/ NADH)
- anabolism (NADP+/ NADPH)
- attached to enzymes in cytoplasm membrane
ATP
- prime energy carrier
- two high energy P bonds
- formed during exergonic reactions
- drives endergonic reactions
Coenzyme A
- sulfoanhydride bonds
- important to anaerobic organisms
- serves same purpose as ATP
Fermentation
- absence of any added terminal elctron acceptors
- oxidation coupled to reduction of substrate- derived organic compounds
- form fermentation products
- ATP production: substrate level phosphorylation
Respiration
- O2, some other oxidant is terminal electron acceptor
- oxidation coupled to reduction of electron acceptor
- form CO2
- ATP production: oxidative plosphorylation
The Proton Motive Force
- electron transport carries oriented in membrane
- seperation of protons from electrons occur across membrane
- protons transported outside cell
electrons tansported through chain to cell
- electrons passes to final aceptor
- generation of pH gradient, electrochemical potential
Fts
- FtsZ proteins mark division plane
- FtsK mediates separation of chromosomes
Actin-like proteins
- specific proteins define bacterial shapes
- significant homology to actin
- MreB forms actin-like cytoskeleton
- filamentous, spiral shaped bands
- coccus is default shape
Growth cycle of populations
- lag phase, slow growth
- exponential phase, cells in healthiest state, fast growth
- stationary phase, exponential growth tails off, limiting nutrients, build up of waste products, no net increase or decrease, cryptic growth, sur genes
- death phase
Measurement of growth
- direct microscopic count: counting chambers, quick
- viable count: plate count, colony count, dilutions, select for different populations
- turbidometric methods: measures turbidity caused by a cell suspension, measure unscattered light, quick easy
Compatible Solutes
- compounds used to adjust internal solute concentration to obtain water
- osmotic groups defined by ability to produce/ accumulate compatible solutes
- non inhibitory to cell