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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a hamartoma?
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Benign overgrowth of tissue with almost no malignant potential. Grows at same rate as surrounding tissue, and is not histologically different from surrounding tissue either.
75% of benign lung tumours are hamartomas. Grow particulary in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in the GI tract but can present elswhere. Can also occur in lung, GI, spleen, heart, hypothalamus, vascular organs, skin (haemangioma) |
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Malignant small intestine tumours
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In descending order freq.
1) Adenocarcinoma 2) Carcinoid tumour 3) Malignant GIST 4) Lymphoma |
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Risk factors for adenocarcinomas small bowel
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Coeliac disease
FAP Peutz-Jegher syndrome |
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Metastasis to Liver
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Small bowel
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Sites carcinoid tumour
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Thymus
Bronchi GI tract (esp small bowel) |
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What is a carcinoid tumour?
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A secretory tumour (AKA neuroendocrine tumour).The secretions are usually metabolised by the liver.
Therefore the effects are usually only seen when the tumour has metastasised to the liver. When there are systmeic effects from the secretions, it is called "carcinoid sydrome" |
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Small cell lung cancer
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Is a carcinoma
It frequently secretes ADH and ACTH (increase prod androgens and cortisol) |
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Coeliac increases risk of lymphoma? What kind?
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T cell lymphoma.
In spite of this B cell lymphoma of the GIT is more common. |
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Risk assoc. with HNPCC?
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Risk Colonic cancer (accounts 10% colonic ca)
Also increase risk endometrial, small intestine, ovary, stomach and hepatobiliary ca. 80% lifetime risk cancer. 2/3 proximal colon Ave age onset 45 |
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Amsterdam criteria for genetic screening (Amsterdam II criteria is the same but references the cause of Ca specific to HNPCC)
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3+ family members colorectal ca, 1 must be first degree.
2 successive generations affected. 1+ relatives under age 50 with colonic cancer FAP excluded |
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Background risk colonic cancer (2nd most common cancer UK)
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Background risk 1:50
1 first deg rel 1:17 2 first deg rel 1:10 |
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What is familial adenomatous polyposis and what is its risk?
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Accounts for 1% all colorectal Ca (less HNPCC=10%)
100-1000 polyps develop mainly colon Increases risk colonic cancer and; lipoma, osteoma, CHRPE (congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium) 90% sufferers have cancer by 50yrs |
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Duke's staging colorectal ca:
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A - Confined intestinal wall 95% 5yr survival
B - Goes through intestinal wall 65% 5yr survival C - involves lymph nodes 35% 5yr survival D - distant mets 5% 5yr survival |
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What is CEA?
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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is predominantly used as a tumour marker of recurrence of; colonic, gastric, pancreatic, lung and breat cancer.
May also be elevated in UC, pancreatitis, cirrhosis and smokers. |
