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23 Cards in this Set

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Jonathan Edwards

An American theologian and Congregational clergyman whose sermons stirred thereligious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is best known for his Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God sermon.

John Peter Zenger

Zenger was a newspaper printer in the eighteenth century. Using the power of the press, he protested theroyal governor in 1734-35. He was put on trial for this "act of treason." The jury went against the royal governor and ruledZenger innocent, since what he’d written was true. This set the standards for democracy and, most importantly, for the freedomof the press

Great Awakening

A religious revival occurring in the 1730's and 1740's to motivate the souls ofcolonial America. Motivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together.

Triangular Trade

A small, profitable trading route started by people in (1) New England who wouldbarter a product to get slaves in (2) Africa, and then sell them to the (3) West Indies in order to get molasses to make rum whichwould be shipped north to New England. This form of trading was used by New Englanders in conjunction with other countriesin the 1750's

Molasses Act

A British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses importedinto colonies not ruled by Britain. Along with the Navigation Acts, the Molasses Act was part of Britain’s policy ofmercantilism. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade through bribery and smuggling. Theirprotest of this and other laws helped lead to revolution.

Pontiac

Indian Chief who led a post-war flare-up in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Region in 1763. His actions ledto the Proclamation of 1763 which forbade American settlements across the Appalachians and infuriated Americans who feltthey’d just fought a war to win that land

French and Indian War

A war that generally saw the French and Indians team up against English and Americans. I tookplace on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley. The English defeated the French in 1763. Historical significancelay in the facts that (1) it established England as the number one world power, (2) France was totally kicked out of NorthAmerica, (3) England/America gained the land all the way to the Mississippi River, and (4) subsequent events began togradually change the attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

Albany Congress

A conference in the United States colonies from June 19 through July 11, 1754 in Albany New York. Itadvocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French. Ben Franklin was the famous proponentof the idea with his “Join or Die” disjointed snake cartoon. Eventually, unity was NOT achieved though, as the colonies didn’twant to give up their independence and sovereignty to a national group.

Proclamation of 1763

An English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and IndianWar. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The colonists felt betrayed by the act thinkingthey’d just fought the war for the land then were not allowed to settle there. The Proclamation of 1763 caused the first majorrevolt against the British.

Samuel Adams

Often called the "Penman of the Revolution,” he was a master propagandist and an engineer of rebellion.Though very weak and feeble in appearance, he was a strong politician and leader who was very aware and sensitive to therights of the colonists. He organized the local Committees of Correspondence in Massachusetts, starting with Boston in 1772.These committees were designed to oppose British policy forced on the colonists by spreading propaganda.

Charles Townshend

He was in control of the British ministry and was nicknamed "Champagne Charley" for his brilliantspeeches in Parliament while drunk. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. These new regulationsimposed a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, and tea. It was a tax that the colonists were very much against and wasa near start for rebellions to take place.

John Adams

Patriot of the American Revolution and second president of the U.S. from 1796-1800. He attended theContinental Congress in 1774 as a delegate from Georgia. He swayed his countrymen to take revolutionary action againstEngland which later gained American independence from the English.

King George III

He was king of England in the 1770's. Though he was a good man, he was not a good ruler. He lost all ofthe 13 American colonies and caused America to start to gain its freedom

Mercantilism

Economic theory that simply states a nation’s power is determined by its wealth in gold. According to thisdoctrine, the colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country; they should add to its wealth, prosperity, and selfsufficiency.The settlers were regarded more or less as tenants. They were expected to produce tobacco and other productsneeded in England and not to bother their heads with dangerous experiments in agriculture or self-government.

"Virtual" Representation

Theory that claimed that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even thoseAmericans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member of the London Parliament.

Sugar Act

In 1764, this act was put in place for raising revenue in the colonies for the crown. It increased the duties onforeign sugar, mainly from the West Indies. After protests from the colonists, the duties were lowered.

Quartering Act

Law passed by Britain to force colonists to pay taxes to house and feed British soldiers. Passed in the samefew years as the Navigation Laws of 1763, the Sugar Act of 1764, and the Stamp Act of 1765, it stirred up even moreresentment for the British. The legislature of New York was suspended in 1767 for failing to comply with the Quartering Act.

Stamp Act

In 1765, Parliament passed the Stamp Act, requiring the colonists to pay for a stamp to go on many of thedocuments essential to their lives. These documents included deeds, mortgages, liquor licenses, playing cards, and almanacs.The colonists heartily objected to this direct tax and in protest petitioned the king, formed the Stamp Act Congress, andboycotted English imports. In 1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, a major victory for colonists.

Stamp Act Congress

Meeting which met in New York City with twenty-seven delegates from nine colonies in 1765. It hadlittle effect at the time but broke barriers and helped move toward colonial unity. The act was repealed in 1766.

First Continental Congress

The Congress was a convention and a consultative body that met for seven weeks, fromSeptember 5 to October 26, 1774, in Philadelphia. It was the Americans’ response to the Intolerable Acts and considered waysof redressing colonial grievances. All the colonies except Georgia sent 55 distinguished men in all. John Adams persuaded hiscolleagues to move closer to revolution and they wrote a Declaration of Rights and appeals to the British American colonies,the king, and British people. The Congress created The Association which called for a complete boycott of English goods. TheAssociation was the closet thing to a written constitution until the Constitution. As time wore on, the peaceful petitions wererejected which created a pathway to revolution.

Boston Tea Party

A "revolt" on the Tea Act passed by Parliament where he Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, dressedup like Indians and raided English ships in Boston Harbor. They dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the harbor. As aresult, the Massachusetts charter was taken away

Intolerable Acts

Passed in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party, that were considered unfair because they were designed tochastise Boston in particular, yet affected all the colonies by the Boston Port Act which closed Boston Harbor until damageswere paid.

Loyalists (Tories)

Colonials loyal to the king during the American Revolution.