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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Main features of solids |
-strong forces between particles which holds them close together in fixed positions forming a regular lattice structure -particles keep a definitive shape and volume since particles do not move and can only vibrate in place (which is why they slightly expand when heated) |
strong forces give fixed position forming lattice structure solids keep a definitive shape and volume |
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Main features of liquids |
-Weaker forces of attraction between than solids -Keep definitive volume but not a definitive shape -Particles constantly moving with random motion -The hotter the liquid is, the faster particles move (expand slightly when heated) |
forces weaker than solids, ✅definitive volume 🙅🏻♀️definitive shape particles move constantly with random motion |
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Main features of gases |
-No attraction between particles as they are well separated -Particles are free to move and are far apart -They travel in straight lines -Do not keep a definitive shape or volume, always fill any container -Particles move constantly with random motion -Gases either expand when heater or their pressure increases |
🙅🏻♀️definitive shape or volume, will always fill any container either expand or pressure increases when heated no attraction between particles |
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What are the limitations of the particle model? |
-The particle model doesn’t take into account the size and shape of particles, space between particles and forces between particles -Inaccurately represents particles with inelastic spheres |
si sh sp fo NOT INELASTIC SPHERES |
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What are the differences between physical and chemical changes? |
-Physical are easy to reverse and there are no new substances made, original chemicals only change state -Chemical are difficult to reverse and there are different chemicals formed from atoms rearranging, (new chemicals are) known as products |
reverse, product |
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Particles vs bulk substances |
Particles themselves do not have the same properties as the bulk substances |
we r not the same hoe we r not the same (prop) |
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What was the early atmosphere of Earth like? |
-Explosive, covered in volcanoes which erupted and released lots of gases (nitrogen, water vapour, methane and ammonia) -Early atmosphere was likely mainly co2 with very little o2 |
ex vol rel ga ni wv me am |
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How did an oxygen-rich atmosphere develop? |
Photosynthesis of ancient bacteria (and green plants and algae) |
gr pl al |
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What evidence supports these ideas of the early atmosphere and its evolution? |
-Some rock formations containing iron compounds only form when there is very little o2. -They are very ancient which suggests there was little oxygen in the early atmosphere -This is supported by the earliest fossils being of tiny organisms that could survive without much oxygen in the atmosphere -Fossils suggest more complex organisms (animals) which need o2, only appeared later after the atmosphere had changed |
-iron compounds in ancient rock formations -fossil records fossils, more complex organisms which need oxygen only appeared later after the atmosphere changed
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What is the major source of CO and particulates? |
Incomplete combustion |
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What is the major source of sulfur dioxide? |
Combustion of sulfur impurities in fuels |
imp fue |
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What are the major sources of oxides of nitrogen? |
Oxidation of nitrogen at high temps and further oxidation in the air |
ox☀️ ox💨 |
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What is the test for oxygen? |
Placing a glowing splint inside a test tube. If the tube contains oxygen, the oxygen will relight the glowing splint |
🔥 |
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What is the test for hydrogen? |
Holding a lit splint at the open end of a test tube. If the tube contains hydrogen, there will be a squeaky pop noise. |
what u do to cherry? (open end) |
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What is the test for hydrogen? |
Holding a lit splint at the open end of a test tube. If the tube contains hydrogen, there will be a squeaky pop noise. |
what u do to cherry? (open end) |
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What is the test for co2? |
co2 turns limewater solution cloudy |
the lime wala |
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Define oxidation |
Oxidation: the addition of oxygen to a substance in a reaction |
+o2 |
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What happens to bonds between atoms in chemical reactions? |
In chemical reactions atoms are rearranged. This means that bonds between atoms must be broken and then reformed. Breaking bonds requires energy (the activation energy) whilst making bonds gives out |
rearrange broken then reformed breaking needs energy making gives energy |
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Atoms are... |
rearranged in chemical reactions. This means that bonds between atoms must be broken and then reformed -Breaking bonds requires energy (activation energy) whilst making bonds gives out energy -Energy changes in a reaction can be calculated if we know the bond energies involved in the reaction |
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Metal + chlorine.... |
➡️Metal chloride |
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Metal + Oxygen... |
➡️Metal oxide |
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Metal + Oxygen... |
➡️Metal oxide |
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Metal + water... |
➡️Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen |
don’t forget hy!!! |
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Metal + Oxygen... |
➡️Metal oxide |
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Metal + water... |
➡️Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen |
don’t forget hy!!! |
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What are trends in group 1? |
-As you go down group 1, the reactivity increases and atoms get bigger -This is because there are more shells as you go down, meaning electrons are further from the nucleus and therefore takes less energy to lose an electron... -...so electrons react with other elements more easily |
- rea 👆⚛️ big -more she-ele fur-les ene to L ele so rea eas |
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What happens when lithium reacts with water? |
There is fizzing |
Lithium=littlest reaction |
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What happens when sodium reacts with water? |
There is fizzing and sodium melts into a ball |
fiz + ⚽️ |
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What happens when potassium reacts with water? |
There is fizzing, potassium melts into a ball and a purple flame is produced |
BIG 3: 🍾,⚽️,🔥 |
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What are the differences between endothermic and exothermic reactions? |
Endothermic: reactions that take energy in from the surroundings eg. electrolysis Exothermic: reactions that transfer energy from the reactants to the surroundings/products (give out energy) eg. combustion (burning) |
Endothermic: take eg. elec Exothermic: give eg. 🔥 |
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What do energy profiles for exothermic reactions look like? |
-Reactants are at a higher level than products -Arrow drop from reactants to products |
which are higher arrow direction |
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What do energy profiles for exothermic reactions look like? |
-Reactants are at a higher level than products -Arrow drop from reactants to products |
which are higher arrow direction |
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What do the energy profiles for endothermic reactions look like? |
-Reactants are lower than products -Energy going up from reactants to products |
which are higher direction |
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What is activation energy? |
The energy required for a reaction to occur |
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What is activation energy? |
The energy required for a reaction to occur |
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What is the test to identify chlorine? |
Chlorine turns damp blue litmus paper red and then bleaches it white |
🔴⚪️ |
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What is activation energy? |
The energy required for a reaction to occur |
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What is the test to identify chlorine? |
Chlorine turns damp blue litmus paper red and then bleaches it white |
🔴⚪️ |
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What was Dalton’s particle model theory? |
Atoms are tiny particles that make up matter which can not be broken down any further |
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What was Dalton’s particle model theory? |
Atoms are tiny particles that make up matter which can not be broken down any further |
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What was Dalton’s particle model theory? |
Atoms are tiny particles that make up matter which cannot be broken down any further |
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What was Thomson’s particle model theory? |
-Discovered the electron -Atoms are spheres of positive charge and electrons are dotted around inside -Theory was known as ‘plum pudding model’ |
plu pud |
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What was Rutherford’s particle model theory? |
-The nuclear model of the atom -There is a tiny, positively charged nucleus at the centre surrounded by a cloud of electrons -Most of the atom is empty space |
-➕ nuc cen -sur by ☁️ ele -most is.... |
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What was Rutherford’s particle model theory? |
-The nuclear model of the atom -There is a tiny, positively charged nucleus at the centre surrounded by a cloud of electrons -Most of the atom is empty space |
-➕ nuc cen -sur by ☁️ ele -most is.... |
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What was Bohr’s particle model theory? (final) |
-Electrons orbit the positively charged nucleus in fixed shells -Each shell is a fixed distant from the nucleus |
she’s come out of her 🐢 orb |
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Describe/define the atom |
Atom: a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons, with the nuclear radius much smaller than that of the atom, most mass is in the nucleus |
-➕n -sur b ➖ -➕ rad smal than tha o ato -mos mas in n |
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Describe/define the atom |
Atom: a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons, with the nuclear radius much smaller than that of the atom, most mass is in the nucleus |
-➕n -sur b ➖ -➕ rad smal than tha o ato -mos mas in n |
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What is the formula for bond energy calculations? (energy change) |
Overall energy change=energy required to break bonds - energy released by forming bonds |
b-r reactants is left side (energy required to break bonds) products is right side (energy released by forming bonds) |
