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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What nerves are in the carotid triangle?
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i. IX-XI
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How does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the cranial cavity?
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i. Through jugular foramen
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Between what two structures does CN IX descend?
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i. IJV
ii. ICA |
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Deep to what structure does CN IX descend? And then forwards between which two structures?
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i. Deep to styloid process
ii. Forward between ECA and ICA |
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What are the motor/sensory branches of CN IX in the anterior triangle?
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i. Motor to stylopharyngeus
ii. Sensory to pharynx |
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a. Between what two structures does CN X exit the cranial cavity?
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i. CN IX and CN XI
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b. What is the course of CN X? What structures are medial/lateral to it?
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i. Descends in carotid sheath
ii. Medial to IJV iii. Posterior to ICA and CCA |
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c. What are the branches of CN X in the anterior triangle?
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i. Carotid body
ii. Laryngeal branch iii. Cardiac branch |
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a. What is the course of CN XI? What structures surround it?
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i. Medial to IJV in carotid sheath
ii. Between IJV and ICA iii. Passes lateral to IJV to pass downwards and backwards |
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b. Under what muscle does CN XI disappear after passing over the IJV?
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i. Trapezius
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a. Through what space does the hypoglossal nerve exit the cranial cavity?
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i. Hypoglossal canal
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b. What is the course of the hypoglossal (CN XII) nerve after leaving the cranial cavity?
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i. Medial to IJV and ICA
ii. Outwards between IJV and ICA iii. Hooks around occipital artery iv. Deep to posterior belly of digastric v. Deep to mylohyoid |
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c. What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?
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i. Tongue
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i. What spinal segments contribute to the ansa cervicalis?
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1. C1-C3
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ii. What does the ansa cervicalis innervate?
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1. Infrahyoid muscles, except thyrohyoid
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iii. What spinal segments constitute the superior root of the ansa cervicalis?
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1. C1
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iv. What is the course of the superior root of the ansa cervicalis?
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1. Between IJV and ICA then between IJV and CCA
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v. What nerves does the superior root of the ansa cervicalis join?
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1. XII→ then descends from XII
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i. What spinal segments constitute the inferior branch of the ansa cervicalis? From where does it branch?
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1. C2-C3
2. Direct branch off of the cervical plexus |
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ii. What does the inferior branch of the ansa cervicalis supply?
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1. Lower parts of sternohyoid and sternothyroid
2. Inferior belly of omohyoid |
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b. What muscles are superficial to the thyroid?
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i. Sternohyoid
ii. Sternothyroid iii. Omohyoid |
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a. What covers the exterior of the thyroid?
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i. Pretracheal fascia
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d. What developmental landmark indicates the site of the thyroid’s origin?
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i. Foramen cecum
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e. What is the thyroglossal duct?
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i. It marks the passage of the thyroid during development
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f. What are the consequences of arrested thyroid migration?
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i. Cyst/fistula
ii. Aberrant thyroid tissue |
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i. What structure accompanies the superior thyroid artery?
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1. External laryngeal nerve
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ii. What are the two branches of the superior thyroid artery?
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1. Anterior glandular branch
2. Posterior glandular branch |
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iii. What is the origin of the inferior thyroid artery?
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1. Thyrocervical trunk
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iv. What structure accompanies the inferior thyroid artery?
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1. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
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v. What are the terminal branches of the inferior thyroid artery?
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1. Inferior branch
2. Ascending branch |
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vi. What does the ascending branch of the inferior thyroid artery supply?
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1. Parathyroid glands
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vii. Where is the origin of the thyroida ima artery?
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1. Arch of aorta or brachiocephalic trunk
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viii. What does the thyroida ima artery supply?
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1. Isthmus of thyroid
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i. Into what vein does the superior thyroid vein flow? What does it drain?
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1. IJV
2. Area supplied by superior thyroid vein |
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ii. Into what vein does the middle thyroid vein flow? What does it drain?
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1. IJV
2. Majority of gland (not drained by superior thyroid vein) |
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iii. Into what vein does the inferior thyroid vein flow? What does it drain?
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1. Left innominate vein
2. Drains the isthmus |
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i. What are the indications for a thyroidectomy?
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1. Goiter or malignancies
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ii. What are some precautions for a thyroidectomy?
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1. Preserve parathyroid glands
2. Avoid RLN and superior laryngeal nerve 3. Avoid sympathetic trunk |
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iii. What is myxedema?
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1. Atrophy of the thyroid
2. Decreased secretion |
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iv. What is thyrotoxicosis?
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1. Grave’s disease
2. Increased secretion |
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v. What is a multinodular goiter?
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1. Most common
2. Surgical excision for tx |
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vi. What is another name for autoimmune thyroiditis?
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1. Hashimoto’s disease
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a. Where are the parathyroid glands located?
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i. Posterior surface of thyroid
ii. Between carotid bifurcation to mediastinum |
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b. What is the arterial supply of the parathyroid gland?
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i. Inferior thyroid artery
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a. What structures make up the floor of the posterior triangle?
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i. Scalene muscles
ii. Levator scapulae iii. Splenius capitis |
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b. What structures make up the roof of the posterior triangle?
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i. Skin
ii. Platysma fascia |
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c. What structures pierce the roof of the posterior triangle?
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i. External jugular vein
ii. Supraclavicular nerves |
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a. Where is the origin of the external jugular vein? What structures join to form it?
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i. Near angle of mandible
ii. Retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein |
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b. What muscle does the EJV cross in the roof of the posterior triangle?
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i. Sternocleidomastoid
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c. Where does the EJV terminate?
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i. Subclavian vein
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d. What are tributaries of the EJV?
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i. Suprascapular vein
ii. Transverse cervical vein iii. Anterior jugular vein |
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a. What is the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid?
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i. CN XI
ii. C2-C4 |
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b. What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?
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i. Tilt head to one side or draw head forward (together)
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c. Where does the sternal head of the SCM insert?
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i. Lateral ½ of superior nuchal line
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d. Where does the clavicular head of the SCM insert?
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i. Mastoid process
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a. What are the attachments of the trapezius?
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i. Origin→ C7-T12 spinous processes, superior nuchal line
ii. Insertion→ Clavicle, acromion, spine |
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b. What is the innervation of the trapezius?
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i. CN XI
ii. C3-C4→ proprioception |
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c. What is the function of the trapezius?
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i. Rotating the scapula
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a. What is the origin of the splenius capitis?
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i. SP C7-T4
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b. What is the insertion of the splenius capitis?
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i. Mastoid process
ii. Superior nuchal line |
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c. What is the innervation of the splenius capitis?
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i. Middle cervical nerves
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a. What are the attachments of the levator scapulae?
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i. Origin→ TP of C1-C4
ii. Insertion→ Scapula |
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b. What is the innervation of the levator scapulae?
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i. Dorsal scapular nerve→ C4-C5
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a. What are the attachments of the posterior scalene?
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i. Origin→ posterior tubercles of C4-C6 TP
ii. Insertion→ Upper surface of rib 2 |
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b. What is the innervation of the posterior scalene?
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i. C5-C7
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a. What are the attachments of the middle scalene?
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i. Origin→ TP C2-C7
ii. Insertion→ Upper surface of rib 1 |
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b. What is the innervation of the middle scalene?
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i. C3-C7
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a. What are the attachments of the anterior scalene?
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i. Origin→ anterior tubercles of TP C3-C6
ii. Insertion→ scalene tubercle and upper surface of rib 1 |
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b. What is the innervation of the anterior scalene?
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i. C4-C7
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a. What is the innervation of the omohyoid?
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i. Ansa cervicalis
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a. What causes torticollis?
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i. Breech delivery
ii. Interference with arterial supply or venous occlusion→ muscle necrosis |
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b. What is the clinical presentation of torticollis?
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i. Child unable to straighten head
ii. Head is drawn towards affected SCM and chin towards opposite side iii. Facial asymmetry with shortening of skull and face on affected side |
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c. What will radiographs of torticollis show?
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i. Contralateral convex scoliosis→ C7-T1
ii. Ipsilateral compensatory convex scoliosis→ T6-T12 |
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a. What is the examination for whiplash like?
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i. Intense pain in neck immediately after
ii. Next few days→ increased pain iii. Later→ Decreased intensity of pain with rigid head, neck movement if very painful |
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b. What will palpation of whiplash show?
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i. Local tenderness over TP C4-C5
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c. What will radiographs of whiplash show?
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i. Normal cervical lordosis
ii. Absence of fracture of cervical vertebrae |