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234 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Paragonimus kellicoti: Common Name |
Lung Fluke |
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Paragonimus kellicoti: Definitive Hosts |
Dogs, Cats, and People |
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How is Paragonimus kellicoti acquired? |
Ingestion of uncooked or poorly cooked crayfish |
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What are the symptoms of disease with Paragonimus kellicoti? |
Respiratory disease: Dyspnea, hemoptysis, pneumothorax |
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How do you diagnose Paragonimus kellicoti? |
fecal floatatiion, eggs in sputum, BAL fluid, and lung biopsy |
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Paragonimus kellicoti: Lung Fluke |
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How does a radiograph appear with Paragonimus kellicoti? |
Increased alveolar opacity on radiographs Nodules containing parasites demonstrated by CT scan
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Complications of advanced Paragonimus kellicoti cases |
Pleural effusion empyema pneuothorax |
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Common Name for Nanophyetus samicola |
Salmon Poisoning Fluke |
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Nanophyetus samicola's definitive hosts |
Dogs, cats, fish eating mammals (bear, raccoon, mink, etc) |
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Nanophyetus samicola's intermediate hosts |
Oxytrema silicula (snail) Salmonid fish |
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How is Nanophyetus samicola acquired? |
Ingestion of metacercaria in kidneys, muscles, and fins of raw salmonid fish |
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Nanophyetus samicola is a vector for? |
Salmon poisoning by Neorickettsia helminthoeca |
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What are the signs of salmon poisoning? |
Hemorrhagic enteritis Lymphadenopathy
it is clinically distinguishable from parvo! |
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How is Nanophyetus samicola diagnosed? |
clinical signs and trematode eggs on fecal exam
Differential for parvo! |
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How is Nanophyetus samicola treated? |
Praziquantel, 20 mg/kg TID |
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Is Nanophyetus samicola zoonotic? |
Yes, but no rickettsial disease in humans |
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Nanophyetus samicola: Salmon Poisoning Fluke |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum's common name |
Lancet Liver Fluke |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum's Definitive Hosts |
Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, wild ungulates, rodents, rabbits, and humans
(Bile ducts) |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum's Intermediate Hosts |
terrestrial snails ants |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum's lifecycle |
Miracida hatch from egg when ingested by snail, asexual reproduction in the snail, emerge in slime ball, ingested by the ant, infect the brain, remain attached to vegetation, ingested by grazing DH, Metacercaria invade entire biliary system within hours of ingestion
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum live where in the DH? |
The bile ducts and liver |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum's severity? |
Low pathogenicity compared to Fasicola |
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How do you diagnose Dicrocoelium dendriticum, the lancet liver fluke? |
Clinical signs trematode eggs on fecal exam |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum looks just like Platynosomum fastosum (liver poisoning fluke) too! |
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Platynosomum fastosum: Common Name |
Liver poisoning fluke |
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Platynosomum fastosum: Definitive Host |
Felines: domestic, feral, and wild (in bile ducts) |
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Platynosomum fastosum: Intermediate hosts |
Sublima octona (pulmonate snail) Isopods (pill bugs) Lizards (Geckos)- may be a paratenic host? |
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Platynosomum fastosum: Pathway |
-Metacercaria ingested when cats eat lizard -Migrate up bile ducts -Adults in bile ducts and bladder |
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Platynosomum fastosum Symptoms |
vomiting, diarrhea, icterus (if severe) |
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Platynosomum fastosum: Diagnosis |
Clinical signs and eggs on fecal float |
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Platynosomum fastosum: treatment |
Praziquantel 20 mg/kg |
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Alaria sp. Intermediate Hosts |
Snail Tadpole Snake |
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Alaria sp. Definitive hosts |
Dogs Cats |
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Alaria sp. lifecycle |
Mesocercaria stage
larval stage capable of being passed host to host
Lactogenic transmission |
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Alaria sp. clinical signs |
Aberrany migration of mesocercaria associated with adverse effects |
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Is Alaria Zoonotic? |
It does have potential
mostly in trappers and those with outdoor life style |
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Acanthocephala: Common Name |
Thorny-headed worms |
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Acanthocephala: Where are the adults parasitic? |
In the digestive tract of vertebra hosts
Mammals, fish, birds, reptiles |
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Acanthocephala's morphology |
-Pseudocoelomate -dioecious -male/female repro system -No digestive system: nutriendts are absorbed across the integument -Hooked proboscis (holdfast) and flattened appearance in situ bears superficial resemblance to tapeworms |
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Acanthocephala |
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Acanthocephala |
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Acanthocephala has what type of lifecycle? |
Obligate indirect |
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Acanthocephala Intermediate host? |
Arthropod |
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Acanthocephala has had association with? |
Swine production |
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Is Acanthocephala zoonotic? |
Incidentally, yes |
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Macroacanthorhynchus hirudinaceus |
Once an important parasite in swine production
on the comeback because of "range produced pork"
Adult tapeworms do not occur in the small intestine of swine when observed at necropsy |
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Oncicola canis |
In Dogs (coyotes, foxes) and cats (bobcats, lynx)
May be more prevalent than we know, eggs do not float well
rare clinical disease |
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Prosthenorchis elegans |
enzootic in primate populations
important in lab and zoo primates
infected animal, close proximity to suitable intermediate host population (cockroaches)
accumulation of clinically significant worm burdens |
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Prosthenorchis elegans Clinical signs |
Trauma in definitive host caused by penetration of proboscis attach, release, reattach associated with significant pain and trauma to intestinal mucosa
Gut peroration and peritonitis |
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Prosthenorchis elegans: Severity? |
Significant morbidity and mortality - diarrhea, dysorexia, and death |
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Prosthenorchis elegans: treatment & control |
Albendazole Fenbendazole
Control by treatment of infective egg shedders and removal of intermediate hosts |
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General Morphology of Tapeworms |
-Dorsoventrally flattened -Bilaterally symmertrical -Segmented (scolex and proglottids w/ repro organs) -Solid body made up of parenchyma |
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General Lifecycle of tapeworms |
Obligate indirect life cycle: eggs passed in feces of DH, egges ingested by IH (hatch and encyst), infected tissues ingested by DH complete life cycle |
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Are tapeworms host specific? |
Yes! -a high degree of host specificity for DH (cat, dog, human) -specific intermediate host as well
i..e. Beef tapeworm: human only DH, Cows only IH~ |
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Types of tapeworms |
cyclophyllidian and taeniid |
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Cyclophyllidian Tapeworms are unique because |
They have a rostellum at the apical end of the scolex (hooked and unhooked) |
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How many primary families of tapeworms are there in the cyclophyllidian category? |
5 |
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Taeniid tapeworms |
have a scolex with hooked rostellum and 4 muscular suckers
Long, slit like brotheria (sp) |
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Taeniid tapeworms infective stage |
Mestacestode stage in endothermic mammals is infective to the definitive host |
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Cysticercus |
Single bladder, 1 scolex |
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Strobilocercus |
cycsticercus that has begun to elongate and segment |
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Coenurus |
Single bladder, many scolices |
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Hydatid |
Special cysts with thousands of scolices |
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Taenia sp: Disease |
disease from encysted metacestode stage in the INTERMEDIATE HOST
Production losses from condemned livers and other tissues where metacestode stage is encysted |
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Types of Taenia sp. |
T. pisiformis: Dog (DH)- Rabbit (IH) T. hydatigena: Dog - livestock/wild ungulates T. Ovis: Dog - Sheep T. taeniaformis: Cat-Rodent T. saginata: Human- Cow T. Solium: Human- Pig |
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T. pisiformis hosts, signs, treatment, prevention |
IH: Rabbit DH: Dog
No clinical signs in dogs
Tx: anticestodal drugs (praziquantel/episprantel) & fenbendazole
Prevention: Limit predatory behavior |
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T. taeniaformis hosts, signs, treatment, prevention |
IH: Rodents DH: Cats
No clinical signs in cats
Tx: praziquantel, episprantel, fenbendazole
Prevention: Limit predatory behavior |
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Dipylidium caninum's common name |
Flea Tapeworm |
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Dipylidium caninum life cycle, morphology, etc |
paired genital pores small retractable hooks on rostellum 4 muscular suckers
Attaches in small intestines of cats, dogs, and occasionally people
Obligate Indirect Lifecycle - IH: Fleas and lice that ingest egg packets -DH: infected by ingesting metacestode stage in the IH
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Dipylidium caninum |
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Flea Tapeworm: Dipylidium caninum
disease, treatment, prevention, zoonotic? |
No overt signs of disease
accurate diagnosis necessary for treatment which is ONLY done with praziquantel or episprantel
Flea control is essential
Can be zoonotic! |
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Dipylidium caninum |
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Dipylidium caninum |
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Dipylidium caninum |
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Taenia tapeworm eggs |
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Taenia Tapeworm |
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What are the two Echinococcus sp. |
E. granulosus E. multilocularis |
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E. granulosus in general |
Unilocular hydatid cysts (one single fluid filled chamber)
canines, rodents/sheep, other large game mammals |
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E. multilocularis in general |
circumpolar
multilocular (alveolar) hydatid cysts [multiple chambers with multiple scolices]
Foxes and wolves/rodents |
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Hydatid Sand from Echinococcus |
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Echinococcus multilocularis: Common name |
Alveolar Hydatid Tapeworm |
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Echinococcus multilocularis: Intermediate Hosts |
Mice Deer Caribou Elk |
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With Echinococcus multilocularis, who gets infected? |
Alveolar (multilocular) hydatid yst occurs in IH
-resembles bunch of fluid filled grapes |
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Echinococcus multilocularis: Importance |
Important zoonotic disease when it occurs in humans |
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Hydatid Size |
Hydatid's are very tiny in comparison to common tapeworms
(Echinococcus sp.) |
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How do humans become infected with Echinococcus? |
By unknowingly ingesting tapeworm eggs from various sources contaminated with dog feces
Dogs often roll in feces of wild canids and transport infective eggs on their fur
Can be aerosolized in household dust |
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Pulmonary Hydatid Disease is associated with what tapeworms? |
Echinococcus granulosus E. multilocularis |
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Where do hydatid cysts form? |
They form in the liver and lungs |
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How do the lungs get involved in Hydatid Disease? |
Pulmonary involvement by hematogeneous dissemination from hepatic lesions |
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What are the symptoms of Pulmonary Hydatid Disease in general? |
cough, dyspnea, chest pain from tissue compression by growing cysts
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What are the symptoms of Pulmonary Hydatid Disease when it ruptures into the bronchi? |
hemoptysis, expectoration of cyst fluid/membrane, anaphylactic shock, asthma-like symptoms, pneumonia, sepsis |
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What are the symptoms of Pulmonary Hydatid Disease when it ruptures into the pleural cavity? |
pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and empyema |
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Imaging of Pulmonary Hydatid Disease |
Radiography: solitary or multiple round opacities mimic tumors
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Treatment of Pulmonary Hydatid Disease |
Primarily surgery
Alveolar cysts require radical resection of entire parasitic lesion
Albendazole, mebendazole, and praziquantel for inoperable cases |
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Taenia vs. Echinococcus |
Taenia: Long adults & not zoonotic Echinococcus: Small adults & zoonotic
Canines are the DH for both! Ehhs are indistinguishable
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Mesocestoides Sp. general features |
Scolex w/ unarmed rostellum & 4 muscular suckers
Segmented body
Proglottids with central genital pore (parauterine organ)
Distinctive eggs |
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What type of lifecycle do Mesocestoides sp. have? |
Obligate indirect
Onchosphere (eggs) ingested by arthropod Tetrathyridium (metacestode) develops in 2nd IH Dogs and cats are the DH |
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Are Mesocestoides sp. zoonotic? |
Yes, if they ingest the tetrathyridium Which could happen if ingestion of poorly cooked frog legs occurs |
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Mesocestoides sp: Clinical Signs |
Ascites Dysorexia/Wt. loss V/D Tachypenic |
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What causes the disease process with Mesocestoides Sp? |
Asexual reproduction of worms in host and invasion of peritoneum (massive worm burdens voided in feces) |
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How do you treat Mesocestoides sp? |
Fenbendazole Surgical removal of worms Lavage of peritoneum |
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Anoplocephala perfoliata is pathogenic in which species? |
Equine |
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Where does Anoplocephala perfoliata do its damage? |
ulceration and reactive inflammation at illeocecal junction predisposes the horse to colic May lead to intussusception and rupture of bowel wall
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Diagnosis of Anoplocephala perfoliata |
Proglottids are wider than they are long pyriform onchosphere in egg
It is a challenge because the eggs are not always present
ELISA
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Monezia's DHs are? |
Cattle, sheep, goats, and camelids |
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Anoplocephala sp. uses what as their IH? |
Oribatid Mites |
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Anoplocephala perfoliata: What is a distinct feature |
Scolex with "lappets" |
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Seasonal epidemiology of Anoplocephala perfoliata & Monezia |
July through October |
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Treatment of Anoplocephala perfoliata |
Pyrantel (Caution for use in foals, gestating mares, and breeding stallions)
Praziquantel combined with macrocyclic lactone |
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Monezia sp look and location |
Ribbon like in the small intestion |
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Pathogenicity of Monezia |
Generally non-pathogenic
young lambs 1st season on pasture considered at risk |
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Prepatent Period for Monezia |
37-40 days |
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Treatment of Monezia |
Fenbendazole Praziquantel Pasture renovation and reseeding to break up breeding habitat for mites |
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Pseudophyllidean cestodes in general:
appearance, type of lifecycle, genera |
Segmented tapeworms with specialized holdfast that has slit-like suckers called bothria
Aquatic lifecycle with 2 IH
2 genera of importance: Diphyllobothrium and Spirometra mansonoides |
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Diphyllobothrium latum: IHs |
1st: Copepod 2nd: Fish |
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Diphyllobothrium latum: DH |
Endothermic vertebrate (dog, cat, bear, etc) |
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Diphyllobothrium latum: Zoonotic potential? |
Yes! |
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What is Diphyllobothrium latum associated with? |
B12 iron deficiency anemia in humans |
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What do the Diphyllobothrium latum eggs look like? |
They are distinctive gold-brown with operculum, the "lid"
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What is Diphyllobothrium latum's common name? |
Broad Fish Tapeworm |
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Diphyllobothrium latum diagnosis |
Proglottids in stool
LARGE tapeworm, strobilla reported 12 ft worm |
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Diphyllobothrium latum treatment |
Praziquantel |
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Spriometra mansonoides: lifecycle |
An aquatic 2 IH tapeworm. Once it gets into the 2nd IH, it turns into a plurocercoid and it will reproduce ASEXUALLY and is transmissible back to the DH |
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What type of tapeworm is Spriometra mansonoides? |
A Pseudophyllidian |
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Spriometra mansonoides DH |
Cat and Dog |
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Spriometra mansonoides: zoonotic? |
Yes, infected humans serve as a 2nd intermediate host
Poorly cooked frog eggs, frog tx for wounds in other cultures |
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Trematodes ALWAYS have this as their first IH |
Snail
Otherwise, a most aquatic lifecycle |
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Trematodes are referred to as |
Lung and Liver Flukes |
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Adult morphology of trematodes |
Dorsoventrally flattened Bilaterally symmetrical monecious & hermaphroditicc
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Where are trematodes parasitic? |
In all systems of vertebra DHs! Respiratory, GI, Biliary, Circulatory, etc
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Trematodes from the ingestion of metacercaria encysted on vegetation |
Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke- cattle, sheep, gosts, humans)
Paramphistomum sp (Rumen/Stomach- cattles, sheep, goats) |
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Trematodes from the ingestion of metacercaria encysted in fish, crawdad, crabs, etc |
Nanophytes salmincola (cat/dog [vector for nenorickettsia helminthoeca aka salmon poisoning])
Paragonimus kellicotti (lung fluke- cats, dogs, people) |
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Trematodes from the ingestion of metacercaria encysted in insects/invertebrates |
Dicrocoelium dendriticum (cattle, sheep, pigs)
Platynosum fastosum (cat/dog) |
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Fasicola Hepatica: Common Name |
Liver Fluke |
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Fasicola Hepatica: DH |
Cattle, sheep, goats |
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How is Fasicola Hepatica acquired? |
ingestion of encysted metacercaria on vegetation |
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Fasicola Hepatica: Disease and symptoms |
Cause of liver disease: Anemia, hypoproteinemia, bottle jaw (edematous swelling intermandibular space, abdomen) Progressive weakness and loss of condition |
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Fasicola Hepatica: Pathology |
Fibrosis of liver tissue Hypertrophy of bile ducts Livers are condemned at slaughter |
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Fasicola Hepatica: Treatment |
Clorsulon Albendazole |
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Fasicola Hepatica: Herd breakouts |
associated with drought conditions because the shrinking water line is exposes green vegetation that the cattle want to graze on and BAM! now they have liver flukes.... |
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Mesocestoides sp. |
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Anoplocephala sp. |
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Anoplocephala sp |
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Anoplocephala sp
with lappets on scolex |
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Monezia |
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Pseudophyllidean |
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Pseudophyllidean |
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Diphyllobothrium latum |
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Diphyllobothrium latum |
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Diphyllobothrium latum |
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Diphyllobothrium latum lifecycle |
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Spriometra mansonoides |
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Typical trematode |
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Fasicola Hepatica |
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Fasicola Hepatica's damage |
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Fasicola Hepatica's damage |
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Diptera Flies: General morphology |
2 pairs of wings: one set for flying, one set for balance.
6 legs
segmented body
Different mouthparts for different feeding strategies |
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What does a vestigal mouth part indicate? |
That they fly is non-feeding |
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Parasitic stages of Diptera Flies |
Adult and Larvae Almost never both stages though |
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What are the major groups of Diptera Flies? |
Mosquitoes Horseflies House Flies Bot Flies |
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Sand Flies, Moquitoes, and Midges: body |
Small, delicate weak fliers |
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Sand Flies, Moquitoes, and Midges: habitat |
Aquatic |
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Sand Flies, Moquitoes, and Midges: important species |
Lutzomyia/Plebotmus Cullicoides Simulium (black or buffalo flies)
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Lutzomyia/Phlebotomus: IH for? Habitat? |
Intermediate host for Leishmania sp.
Moist, dark habitats |
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Cullicoides: Causes? Vector for? Habitat? |
Queensland itch (hypersensitivity reaction)
Vector for Blue Tongue Virus
Stagnate, nasty, dirty water |
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Simulium (Black Flies): Bite? Causes? Habitat? |
Painfu bite, big swarms
Depression, dysorexia, subcutaneous edema
fresh/clean, fast flowing water |
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Sand flies, Mosquitoes, Midges: Gender roles |
Females are the blood suckers and require a blood meal for sexual maturity/ovarian development
Males are typically plant eaters |
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Mosquitos: In general |
Backyard nuisance Associated with disease transmission
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Mosquitoes: Most common species |
Aedes albopictus Vector for Heartworm Distinguished by white bars Daylight biters |
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Mosquitoes: metamorphosis |
Complex metamorphosis
larvae aquatic and non parasitic |
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What roles (and in what diseases) do mosquitoes play a role? |
Obligate intermediate host for: Heartworm and Malaria
Biologic vectors for various arboviruses |
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Mosquitoes: Prevention |
Remove breeding sites: containers filled with water clean gutters remove excess vegetation Use repellents and CO2 traps during outdoor activities |
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Horse Flies: body |
Strong and robust These are big bullies essentially |
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Horse flies: when are they active? |
During the day, and they are strong fliers |
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Horse flies: Development |
They develop slowly -one generation per year! -commonly, they emerge synchronously with local outbreaks |
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Horse Flies: Common species in SE |
April - September
Tabanus- Horse fly Chrysops- Deer fly |
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Horse Flies: Feeding habits |
-Repetitive feeders -females only -SLASHING mouthparts -Relentless with a painful bite (They will chase you) -The bites can attract other flies that want to come in and lay their eggs like Drashia |
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What are horse flies/ Tabanus important vectors for? |
Mechanical vectors for Equine infectious anemia |
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Where do horse flies like to hang out? |
Water, decaying organic matter (mulch, manure, and the like) |
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House Flies and Relatives: Size? |
Medium to small flies with superficially similar morpholgy |
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Where do house flies and their relatives like to lay their eggs? |
They oviposit in moist organic materal |
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House flies and relatives: metamorphosis? Attractions? Types? |
Complex metamorphosis
Attracted to excrements, rotting flesh, and filth
Non-biting and biting flies |
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Biting House Flies: Species |
Haematobia irritans Stomoxys calcitrans |
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Non-Biting House Flies: Species |
Musca domestica Musca autumalis |
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Musca domestica: common name, type, host for? |
Common house fly
Non-biting
Mechanical vector for salmonella and a lot of other pathogens
Obligate IH for Draschia/Habronema |
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Musca autumalis: common name, host/vector, found where? |
Non biting
Face fly
Vector and obligate IH for Thelazia, Pink Eye
Found on face, feeds on ocular/nasal discharges
Chases biting flies off to feed on oozing blood |
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Musca autumalis: reproduction |
Host protein required for sexual maturation
Oviposit in fresh feces
FRESH is mandatory
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How do you control musca autumalis? |
"Feed through" insecticides organophoshate additives pass through the alimentary tract and has larvacidal activity to prevent development Macrolide "endectocides" drugs excreted in feces that inhibits eggs from hatching Pyrethroid dustbags keeps flies from following cattle into the barn |
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Hematobia irritans: Common name and type |
Horn fly
biting |
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Hematobia irritans importance? Where are they found? |
most important ectoparasite of cattle
reproduce prolifically (10-14 day lifecycle)
found on withers/shoulders, base of horns, along back, dark colored areas on cattle
90% of the time they are on or around the host
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Hematobia irritans reproduction and treatment |
ovipost in fresh manure
short lifecycle
Ear Tags to repel ectoparasites have increased weight in cattle
Feed through treatment with Ivomec, Ova/Larva-cidal effect of Ivomec: accidental but it works after being passed |
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What is an odd characteristic of the horn fly's (hematobia irritans) feeding habits? |
Typically they feed with their head pointing down |
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Stomoxys calcitrans: common name and type of fly |
Stable fly
biting
looks like a house fly but has a very painful bite |
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Where do Stable Flies oviposit? |
old feces, damp and decaying organic material |
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Stomoxys calcitrans: IH/Vector for? |
Obligate Ih for Habronema (stomach worm), Trypanasoma evansi (blood-borne protoza parasite)
Vector for EIA |
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Stomoxys calcitran: treatment |
Pyrethriod fly baits/fly strips
Sanitation is key |
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What makes a Blow fly distinct, visually? |
Green, blue, copper, metallic color |
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Blow flies: lay eggs or larvae? |
Blow flies lay eggs |
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Flesh flies appear |
smaller than blow flies dull colored |
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Flesh flies: deposit eggs or larvae? |
Flesh flies deposit larvae |
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What stage is parasitic with Blow and Flesh flies? |
Larval stage |
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What is the condition caused by a blow or flesh flies' larvae? |
Myiasis -primary or secondary
Tissue invasion by larval flies |
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Primary Myiasis |
Blow or Flesh Flies that deposit larvae into normal healthy tissues or the fresh uninfected wounds. The larvae then are a primary invader of those sites like the American Screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax. They eat the healthy tissue |
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Secondary Myiasis |
Most common. Larvae invade the suprative wounds in soiled fleece and/or hair coats. They feed on necrotic tissues as a secondary invader. Blow Flies Calliphoridae, Calliphora, Phormia, Phaencia, and Flesh Flies Sarcophagidae. |
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Bot Flies (Gastrophilidae) |
Larvae are obligate parasites of the digestive tract and subcutaneous tissues |
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Life cycle of myasis-producing flies |
Adult -> eggs deposited on ground -> larvae hatch on the ground -> larvae burrow into host tissues and remain there for 10 days to 12 weeks -> Pupae on ground ->Adult
OR
Adult -> eggs deposited on/in host ->Larvae hatch on/in host ->Larvae burrow into host tissues and remain there for 10 days to 12 weeks -> Pupae on the ground -> Adult
In general, the lifecycles are the same, but there is a little bit of variation depending on which species. But, basically its similar |
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Reportable fly |
American Screwworm is eradicated from the US, so if you see a red eyed metallic fly, report it to the USDA.
The females only mate once, hence why sterile males are released to mate with them so that they cant get preggo
Irradiated flies |
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Bot Flies: In General |
general they are large and robust with hair. There is no mistake about which stage is parasitic: The adult only exists for reproduction and are only around for a couple of days making the larval stages are parasitic!!!
They are VERY host specific
Horse bots, sheep bots, cattle bots, etc!
Dermatobia hominis is the human bot fly, mainly getting it from Belize |
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Gastrophilous sp.: Equine Bot fly |
Highly seasonal
Larvae are parasitic in the stomach, generally non-pathogenic |
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How would a horse get gastrophilous larva in its stomach? |
Horse will lick deposited eggs off of leg, they develop in the mouth, and then migrate down to the stomach where they leave wasp-nest-like lesions. |
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Treatment of Bot Flies |
Treatment and prevention is pretty straight forward, surgically remove them from wounds….CAREFULLLY! Do not rupture the larvae by squeezing too hard because it will induce an anaphylaxis reactions. Treatment before the larvae migrate to overwintering site- no later than November in TN Nasal bots in sheep are typically not treated GI bots in horses also do not require treatments but its often done anyway- All macrocyclic lactone deworming products are effective as oral paste/gel formulations. |
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Hypodermatidae: Cattle Grubs |
Hyupoderma sp.
Larvae are obligate parasites in healthy tissues in any anatomical location; fatal infections occur!!
Significant cause of morbidity in cattle, cattlement at risk
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Robust Bot Flies: Cuterebridae |
Dermatobia hominis (Human Bot Fly)
Larvae obligate parasites in healthy subcutaneous tissues
eggs deposited on mosquito, larvae hatch and penetrate host when mosquito feeds |
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Head Maggots: Oestridae |
Oestrus spp.
Larvae obligate parasites in nasal passages and paranasal sinuses
parasites of sheep and horses. Human cases are rare
Sheep will adopt defensive posture to discourage flies from landing and laying eggs They huddle together, noses inward, and down to the ground to keep flies from annoying them. This obviously interferes with weight gain and grazing Both Sinusitis and encephalitis may be seen, but for the most part they stay within the nasal cavity |
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Hind Bots (Cattle): Hypoderma bovis or lineatum
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eggs attach to hair, hatch and penetrate through wounds or nasal passages where they begin migrating through the body Bovis: migrates to the spinal canal |
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Cuterebra: Squirrel Bot Fly |
Cats are accidental hosts
They can migrate to the brain or eyes of cats
Nothing remarkable if they don't migrate to the brain though |
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Aedes albopictus |
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Horse Fly |
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Horse Fly |
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Horn Fly |
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Horn Fly |
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Horn Fly |
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Stomoxys calcitrans |
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Stomoxys calcitrans |
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Biting or Non-biting fly? |
Non-biting fly |
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Blow Fly
metallic body |
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American Screwworm
red eyes |
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Bot Fly |
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Bot Fly |
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Cuterebra |
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House Fly |
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House Fly |
