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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two classes of Trematodes?
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1.Blood flukes
2.Tissue flukes |
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What's the proper name for trematodes?
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digenea
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what is unique about tissue vs. blood flukes?
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Tissue flukes are hermaphroditic.
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what's the infectious stage of
-blood flukes -tissue flukes |
blood = cercariae larvae in H2O
tissue = metacercariae on 2' host or water plants |
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what is used for treatment of all flukes.. except?
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Praziquantel
cept for Fasciola hepatica |
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What is the intermediate host for all flukes?
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Snail
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What tissues do the tissue flukes infect?
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1. Liver
2. Intestinal 3. Lungs |
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How many liver flukes are there?
What are their names? |
3
Clonorchis sinensis Metorchis conjunctus Fasciola hepatica |
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How many Intestinal flukes are there?
What are their names? |
3
Fasciolopsis buski Heterophyes heterophyes Metagonimus yokogawai |
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How many Pulmonary flukes are there?
What are their names? |
1. Paragonimus westermani
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what are 2 other common names for Clonorchis sinensis?
Where is it distributed? |
Chinese or Oriental liver fluke
Found in the Far East. |
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What are the hosts of Clonorchis sinensis?
-Definitive -Intermediate |
Humans
Fish-eating mammals Snails, THEN freshwater fish |
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How long are C. sinensis adults?
What do their ova look like? |
Adults are about 15 mm
Their ova are the smallest of the flukes ova; They have an operculum at the NARROW end of the light-bulb shape. |
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How is C. sinensis transmitted?
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By ingestion of undercooked fish; the metacircariae larvae encyst within the scales.
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What is the life cycle of C. sinensis after ingesting fish?
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Metacircs crawl into bile ducts --> adults live there --> ova pass to intestine, into feces --> stage of detection.
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In general how severe is C. sinensis infection?
Typical symptoms? -How is it diagnosed? -How is it prevented? |
Not very - asymptomatic.
Indigestion, weight loss, hepatomegaly, jaundice, diarrhea, anemia -Diagn: ova in stool -Cook your fish |
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What liver fluke is so similar to C. sinensis it doesn't have to be identified?
Where is it found? Defin. Hosts? |
Metorchis conjunctus, aka N. American Liver Fluke.
Canadian Bears/Wolves/Foxes |
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What is the cause of Liver Rot?
How is it treated? |
Fasciola Hepatica
Treat with BITHIONAL - doesn't respond to Praziquantal. |
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What is F. hepatica's common name? What are 2 names for infections caused by it?
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Sheep Liver Fluke
-Fascioliasis -Liver Rot |
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What are hosts of F. hepatica?
-Definitive -Intermediate |
Defin: Humans, sheep, cattle, deer, rabbits.
Interm: only snails |
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App. how large are Adults and Ova of F. hepatica?
-What does the ova look like? |
Adults = 25mm; Ova = 140x80u
Ova are identical to D. latum ovum except 2x their size. |
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How is F. hepatica transmitted?
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Metacircs encysted on grass/watercress/bank, soil -> humans ingest them.
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What happens after ingestion of F. hepatica?
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Larvae penetrate the intest. -> go to liver; adults develop -> ova pass thru bile ducts to intestine; passed in feces.
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How severe is f. hepatica infection?
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Pretty bad -
Early: fever chills, headache, PAIN blw stomach radiates back. Late: hepatomegaly biliary obstructn, liver abcesses, jaundice, diarrhea |
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How is F. hepatica diagnosed?
Prevented? |
by presence of ova in feces.
By washing what you eat - watercress for sandwiches. |
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Of the 3 intestinal flukes, which is most common?
What disease does it cause? Where is it found? |
Fasciolopsis buski
-Fasciolopsiasis -China |
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What are the hosts of F. buski?
-Definitive -Intermediate |
Defin: Humans, Dogs, Rabbits
Interm: only snails |
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How long are F. buski adults?
What are their ova like? |
25-30 mm
Ova are identical and indisting. from F. hepatica |
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How is F. buski transmitted?
What happens then? |
Metacircs hanging out on waterplants are ingested.
-Adults develop in SMALL intest. -Ova shed in feces. |
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What types of symptoms are seen in Fasciolopsiasis?
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-Epigastric pain
-Nausea -Diarrhea -NO LIVER SYMPTOMS |
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what are the two intestinal flukes other than fasciolopsis buski?
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-Heterophyes heterophyes
-Metagonimus yokagawai |
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Where are H. heterophyes and Metagonimus yokagawai found?
What are their hosts? -Defin and -Intermed |
-Far East, Egypt, Middle East
-Humans and Fish-eating mammals -Freshwater fish |
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What are H. heterophyes and Metagonimus yokagawai v. similar to?
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Clinorchis sinensis
-different b/c the metacircariae larvae don't go to the liver via the bile duct; adults just develop in the sm. intestine. |
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When do H. heterophyes and Metagonimus yokagawai cause symptoms, and what?
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In heavy infections only - abdominal pain and diarrhea.
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How are H. heterophyes and Metagonimus yokagawai
-diagnosed -prevented |
Diagnosed: ova in stool
Prevented: cook fish well |
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What is the pulmonary fluke?
What is its infection called? (2 things) |
Paragonimus westermani
-Paragonimiasis -Pulmonary distomiasis |
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What is the common name for Paragonimus westermani?
Where is it found? |
Oriental lung fluke
Far East |
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What are P. westermani's hosts?
-Definitive -Intermediate |
Defin: Humans and other mammals
Intermed: Freshwater crabs |
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Length of P. westermani adult:
Size of ova: |
Adult = 10mm
ova = 85 x 55u |
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Cite 2 unique characteristics of P. westermani ova:
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-Instead of at narrow end, the OPERCULUM is at the wide end.
-Ova are yellow-brown naturally. |
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How does P. westermani infect humans?
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the metacircariae larvae get into crabs of all things; then they are ingested, from intest to lungs where Adults develop; Ova are passed in SPUTUM.
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why would you see P. westermani in a stool sample?
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if you swallowed the sputum and pooped it out.
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what 3 symptoms are seen in paragonimiasis, and what can they be confused as?
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-Blood-stained sputum
-Pleural pain -Fever Strep pneumoniae |
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How is paragonimiasis diagnosed and prevented?
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Diagn: ova in SPUTUM
Prevent: cook crabs well |
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what is the blood fluke genus name?
what is its old name? |
Schistosoma
Bilharzia |
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what three schistosoma species are parasites in humankind?
where is each found? |
-Mansoni - Africa and S. america
-Japonicum - Far east Hematobium - Africa |
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What are the hosts of Schistos?
-Defin -Intermed |
Defin: Humans and mammals
Intermed: Snails |
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How long is a Schistosoma adult?
What are the components of it? Characteristics? |
0.6-2.5 cm
-Male gynecophroic canal -Female lies within the canal -Not hermaphroditic. |
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How long are the ova?
-S. mansoni -S. japonicum -S. hematobium |
Mansoni & hematobium = 150u
Japonicum = 100u |
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Match the spines w/ the species:
-Lateral spine -Rudimentary spine -Terminal spine |
Lat = Mansoni - like a shark
Rudi = Japonicum - kinda dumb Termin = Hematobium - like a dacrocyte |
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What stages of the fluke larva exist, and which is infectious?
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-Miracidium
-Sporocyst -Redia -Cercaria --> infectious |
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How long is the Cercaria?
What 2 features help it infect? |
300u
Cilia help it move Forked tail helps it propel |
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What are the 3 stages of Schistosoma infection?
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1. Developmental
2. Oviposition/extrusion of ova 3. Proliferation and repair |
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What occurs in the Developmental period?
Symptoms? |
Cercariae larva penetrate the skin and Adults form
-Mild allergic rxn at pntrn pnt. |
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What occurs in the oviposition/extrusion stage?
Symptoms? |
Ova are laid/penetrate blood vessels.
-Inflammatory Rxn: Immune complexes form, granulomas and fibrous tissue buildup. |
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What happens during proliferation and repair?
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Scar tissue forms and occludes the blood vessel.
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What 2 names denote diseases caused by Schistosoma mansoni?
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-Intestinal bilharziasis
-Schistosomal dysentary |
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What 2 names denote diseases caused by Schistosoma japonicum?
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-Oriental schistosomiasis
-Katayama disease |
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What 3 names denote diseases caused by Schistosoma hematobium?
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-Schistosomal hematuria
-Urinary bilharziasis -Vesical schistosomiasis |
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What are symptoms of infections of S. mansoni/japonicum?
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-Malaise, fever
-Abdominal pain, weight loss -BLOATED BELLy |
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What symptoms are seen in infections of S. hematobium?
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Hematuria
Fever Malaise Suprapubic pain Dysuria |
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How are Schistosomal infections diagnosed?
How can all 3 be prevented? |
-S. japonicum/mansoni: ova in stool
-S. hematobium: ova in urine -To prevent: don't go in contaminated water. |
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What does Schistosomal dermatitis cause?
What animals do the parasites come from? |
Swimmer's and Clamdigger's itch.
From Avian/Mammalian Schistosomes pooping in water. |
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What are symptoms of Swim. Itch?
How is it treated? How is it prevented? |
Itchy rash
Antihistamine lotion Towel dry vigorously |
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What are 4 classes of Arthropods and what type of "infection" do they cause?
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Crustacians, Chilopoda, Arachnida, Insecta
"Infestation" |
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What are 2 Crustaceans?
1 Chilopoda? |
-Crabs and Crayfish
-Centipedes |
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3 species of Arachnida:
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Spiders
Ticks Mites aka Scabies |
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What 3 infections do ticks transmit?
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-Borrellia
-Rhicketts -Babesiosis |
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What are the 3 types of lice?
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Pediculus humanus var. capitis
Pediculus humanus var. corporis Phthirus pubis |
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What's the last really gross type of Arthropoda?
Where is it found? What does it do? |
Myiasis --> Botflies
-South America -Burrows under skin and might come crawling out :s |
